CARDIOVASCULAR- Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does Truncus arteriosus gives rise to?

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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2
Q

In heart embriology what gives place to Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles?

A

Bulbus cordis

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3
Q

What does primitive atria gives rise to?

A

Trabeculated part of left and right atria

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4
Q

Trabeculated part of left and right ventricles come from

A

Primitive ventricle

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5
Q

What does Primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to?

A

Smooth part of left atrium

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6
Q

From where does Coronary sinus comes from?

A

Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)

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7
Q

Right horn of Sinus venosus gives rise to…

A

Smooth part of right atrium

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8
Q

Superior Vena Cava comes from…

A

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

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9
Q

Which is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos?

A

Heart

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10
Q

When does the heart starts to beat?

A

Beats spontaneously by week 4 of development

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11
Q

When does the primary heart tube loops to establish left-rigth polarity?

A

Begins in week 4 of gestation

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12
Q

What does defect in left-rigth dynenin can lead?

A

Dextrocardia

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13
Q

Which syndrome presents dextrocardia? what else does it presents?

A

Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)

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14
Q

Septum primum grows toward endocardial cushions, narrowing foramen primium

A

First Step of septation of Atria

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15
Q

What happens in Second step of septation of Atria?

A

Foramen secundum forms in septum primum (foramen primum disappears)

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16
Q

Septum secundum develops as formaen secundum maintains rigth to left shunt

A

Third Step of septation of Atria

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17
Q

Septum secundum expands and covers most of the formaen secundum. The residual formanen is the foramen ovale

A

Forth Step of septation of Atria

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18
Q

Which is the fifth Step of septation of Atria?

A

Remaining portion of septum primum forms valve of foramen ovale

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19
Q

Septum secundum and septum primum fuse to form the atrial septum

A

Sixth Step of septation of Atria

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20
Q

Which is the final step of Step of septation of Atria?

A

Foramen ovale closes soon after birth because of ↑ LA pressure

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21
Q

Which is the reason of Patent foramen ovale?

A

Caused by failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth; most are left untreated

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22
Q

Which could be the complications of Patent foramen ovale?

A

Can lead to paradoxical emboli (venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation) similar to those resulting from ASD

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23
Q

Muscular ventricular septum forms. Opening is called interventricular foramen

A

First step of Septation of Ventricles

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24
Q

Which is the second step of septation of ventricles?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous interventricular septum, closing interventricular foramen

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25
Q

This is the last step in Septation of Ventricles

A

Growth of endocardial cushions separates atria from ventricles and contributes to both atrial septation and membranous portion of the interventricular septum

26
Q

Where does Ventricular septal defect commonly occurs?

A

In the membranous septum

27
Q

This is the clinical manifestation of Ventricular septal defect

A

Acyanotic at birth due to left to right shunt

28
Q

Outflow tract formation

A

Truncus arteriosus rotates; neural crest and endocardial cell migrations→ Trucal and bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse to form aorticopulmonary septum → ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

29
Q

Name conotruncal abnormalities

A

Transposition of great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus

30
Q

From where do Aortic/ pulmonary derived?

A

From endocardial cushions of outfluw tract

31
Q

From where do Mitral/ Tricuspid derived?

A

From fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal

32
Q

Which are valve anomalies?

A

Stenotic
Regurgitant
Atretic
Displaced (epstein anomaly)

33
Q

Where does fetal erytrhopoiesis takes place?

A
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
Yolk sac
Liver
Spleen 
Bone marrow
34
Q

Who manage erythropoiesis in Embryo phase (3-8 weeks)?

A

Yolk salk

35
Q

In this phase the liver manages Fetal erythropoiesis

A

6 weeks- birth

36
Q

From week 10- 28, whi manages Erythropoiesis?

A

Spleen

37
Q

At this age the bone marrow manages erythropoiesis

A

18 weeks to adult

38
Q

Which are the components of Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?

A

α2γ2

39
Q

How is Adult hemoglobin normaly composed?

A

α2β2

40
Q

These are the characteristics of HbF

A

Higher affinity for oxygen due to less avid binding of 2-3 BPG

41
Q

What allows to extract oxygen from (HbA) maternal hemoglobin across the placenta?

A

HbF high affinity to oxygen

42
Q

How os the PO2 in umbilical vein of fetal circulation?

A

PO2= 30 mmHg

43
Q

How is the O2 saturation in umbilical vein of fetal circulation?

A

80% saturation with O2

44
Q

How is the O2 saturation im umbilical arteries of fetal circulation?

A

Low O2 saturation

45
Q

Which are the 3 important shunts in fetal circulation?

A

Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arterious

46
Q

Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted via…

A

Ductus venosus into the IVC to bypass the hepatic circulation

47
Q

Most highly oxigenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through…

A

Foramen ovale and pumped out the aorta to the head and body

48
Q

Which is the way Deoxygenated blood entering the RA from the SVC goes?

A

RA→ RV → main PA → patent ductuts arteriosus → descending aorta; due to high fetal pulmonary artery resistance (due partly to low O2 tension

49
Q

How is the Ductus arteriosus closed?

A

At birth, infant takes a breath; ↓ resistance in pulomnary vasculature causes ↑ left atrial pressure vs right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closses (now called fossa ovalis); ↑ in O2 (from respiration) and ↓ in prostaglandins (from placental separation)

50
Q

These drug help to close PDA (patent)

A

Indomethacin

51
Q

After Indomethacin closes PDA, what is left?

A

DA remnant (ligamentum arteriosum)

52
Q

What keeps PDA open?

A

Prostaglandins E1 and E2 keep PDA open

53
Q

Postnatal Umbilical vein becomes…

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis

54
Q

Where is contained Ligamentum Teres hepatis?

A

In Falciform ligament

55
Q

Fetal Umbilical arteries derivate to…

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

56
Q

What happens to Ductus arteriosus and venosus?

A

They become Ligamentum arteriosum and venosum

57
Q

This is what happens to Foramen ovale postnatal

A

Fossa ovalis

58
Q

What becomes of Allantois?

A

Urachus median umbilical ligament

59
Q

What is the urachus?

A

Is the part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus

60
Q

What happens to Notochord postnatally?

A

Nucleus pulposus of invertebral disc