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Peds Exam 2 > Cardiovascular Dysfunction > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

How soon must the switch between fetal and pulmonary circulation occur?

A

A few hours after birth

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2
Q

What does the closure of the foremen ovale cause?

A

Increased left arterial pressure

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3
Q

What closes the ductus arteriosus?

A

Higher oxygen levels

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4
Q

Why are infants at a greater risk for heart failure?

A

Volume and pressure sensitivity

Limited heart capacity

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5
Q

How are infant hearts compared to adult hearts?

A

Less organized
Less compliant
Reduced stroke volume

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6
Q

Where does blood go from the SVC and IVC?

A

Right atrium

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7
Q

Where does blood go from the right atrium?

A

Tricuspid valve to the right ventricle

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8
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

A

Through pulmonary valve to the lungs

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9
Q

Where does blood go from the lungs?

A

Left atrium

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10
Q

Where does blood go from the left atrium?

A

Through mitral valve into left ventricle

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11
Q

Where does blood go from the left ventricle?

A

Through the aorta to the body

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12
Q

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

A

Left side

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13
Q

Which side of the heart relieves deoxygenated blood?

A

Right side

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14
Q

What is pulse oximetry?

A

Amount of oxygen available for tissue delivery

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15
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

A condition in which the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen

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16
Q

What is the response of chronic hypoxia?

A

Polycythemia

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17
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood

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18
Q

Why do infants have little cardiac reserve?

A

Muscle fibers cannot expand stretch to increase stroke volume

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19
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

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20
Q

What do infants do since they can’t increase stroke volume?

A

They increase heart rate to increase cardiac output

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21
Q

What are the types of cardiac defects?

A

Congenital and squired

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22
Q

What are congenital disorders?

A

Abnormal functions present at birth

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23
Q

What is the most common form of CHD?

A

Ventricular septal defect

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24
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

The inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood into the systemic circulation, not being able to keep up with metabolic demands

25
Q

Why does congestive heart failure occur in children?

A

Structural abnormalities

26
Q

What are clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure?

A

Impaired myocardial function
Pulmonary congestion
Systemic venous congestion

27
Q

What are some disease processes that require high cardiac output?

A 
Severe anemia
Acidosis
Respiratory disease 
Cardiomyopathy 
Kawasaki disease
28
Q

What are some early signs of CHF in infants?

A

Tiring during feeding
Weight loss
Diaphoresis
Frequent infections

29
Q

What are early signs of CHF in children?

A

Exercise intolerance
Dyspnea
Abdominal pain
Peripheral edema

30
Q

What are some late signs of CHF?

A

Respiratory symptoms
Tachycardia
Fluid overload
Cardiomegaly

31
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Condition in which arterial oxygen tension is less than normal

32
Q

How should someone with hypoxemia feed?

A

Small meals

33
Q

What is bacterial endocarditis?

A

An infection of the inner lining of the endocardium

34
Q

What can cause endocarditis?

A

Strep
Staph
Fungal infections

35
Q

What is Rheumatic fever?

A

An inflammatory disease occurring after group a b-hemolytic pharyngitis

36
Q

How is rheumatic fever treated?

A

Antibiotics to eradicate infection

Aspirin to treat carditis

37
Q

What is hyperlipidemia?

A

Excessive lipids

38
Q

What are bradydysrhythmias?

A

Abnormally slow rate

39
Q

What are tachydysrhythmias?

A

Abnormally rapid rate

40
Q

What are conduction disturbances?

A

Irregular heart rate

41
Q

What is pulmonary artery hypertension?

A

A group of rare disorders that result in an elevation of pulmonary artery pressure

42
Q

What are the manifestations of pulmonary artery hypertension?

A

Dyspnea with exercise
Chest pain
Syncope

43
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Abnormalities of the myocardium in which the ability of the muscle to contract is impaired

44
Q

What causes essential hypertension?

A

No known cause

45
Q

What causes secondary hypertension?

A

A structural abnormality or underlying pathology

46
Q

What is pre hypertension?

A

Average systolic or diastolic BP levels that are 90th percentile but less than 95th percentile

47
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Systolic and/or diastolic BP that is 95th percentile for gender, age, and height percentile on 3 occasions

48
Q

What is stage I hypertension?

A

BP levels that range from the 95th percentile to 5mm hg above the 99th percentile

49
Q

What is stage II hypertension?

A

BP levels that are greater than 5mm hg above the 99th percentile

50
Q

What percent of the arm circumference should the bladder be?

A

40%

51
Q

What is Kawasaki disease?

A

A condition that causes inflammation in the walls of some blood vessels in the body

52
Q

What is the cause of Kawasaki disease?

A

Unknown

53
Q

What are the manifestations of Kawasaki disease?

A 
Fever
Conjunctival hyperemia
Cervical lymph node enlargement
Crackling skin
Coronary artery aneurysms
54
Q

How is Kawasaki disease treated?

A

Intravenous immunoglobulin

aspirin

55
Q

What is the most common anomaly?

A

Ventricular septal defect

56
Q

Which defects are acyanotic?

A

Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosis
Ateioventricular canal

57
Q

What defects are cyanotic?

A

Tetralogy of fallot

Tricuspid atresia

58
Q

What does tetralogy of fallot include?

A

A large VSd
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricle hypertrophy
Overriding aorta

Peds Exam 2 (2 decks)

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