Cardiovascular Dysfunction Flashcards
How soon must the switch between fetal and pulmonary circulation occur?
A few hours after birth
What does the closure of the foremen ovale cause?
Increased left arterial pressure
What closes the ductus arteriosus?
Higher oxygen levels
Why are infants at a greater risk for heart failure?
Volume and pressure sensitivity
Limited heart capacity
How are infant hearts compared to adult hearts?
Less organized
Less compliant
Reduced stroke volume
Where does blood go from the SVC and IVC?
Right atrium
Where does blood go from the right atrium?
Tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
Where does blood go from the right ventricle?
Through pulmonary valve to the lungs
Where does blood go from the lungs?
Left atrium
Where does blood go from the left atrium?
Through mitral valve into left ventricle
Where does blood go from the left ventricle?
Through the aorta to the body
Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?
Left side
Which side of the heart relieves deoxygenated blood?
Right side
What is pulse oximetry?
Amount of oxygen available for tissue delivery
What is hypoxia?
A condition in which the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen
What is the response of chronic hypoxia?
Polycythemia
What is polycythemia?
An abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood
Why do infants have little cardiac reserve?
Muscle fibers cannot expand stretch to increase stroke volume
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Heart rate x stroke volume
What do infants do since they can’t increase stroke volume?
They increase heart rate to increase cardiac output
What are the types of cardiac defects?
Congenital and squired
What are congenital disorders?
Abnormal functions present at birth
What is the most common form of CHD?
Ventricular septal defect
What is congestive heart failure?
The inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood into the systemic circulation, not being able to keep up with metabolic demands
Why does congestive heart failure occur in children?
Structural abnormalities
What are clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure?
Impaired myocardial function
Pulmonary congestion
Systemic venous congestion
What are some disease processes that require high cardiac output?
Severe anemia Acidosis Respiratory disease Cardiomyopathy Kawasaki disease
What are some early signs of CHF in infants?
Tiring during feeding
Weight loss
Diaphoresis
Frequent infections
What are early signs of CHF in children?
Exercise intolerance
Dyspnea
Abdominal pain
Peripheral edema
What are some late signs of CHF?
Respiratory symptoms
Tachycardia
Fluid overload
Cardiomegaly
What is hypoxemia?
Condition in which arterial oxygen tension is less than normal
How should someone with hypoxemia feed?
Small meals
What is bacterial endocarditis?
An infection of the inner lining of the endocardium
What can cause endocarditis?
Strep
Staph
Fungal infections
What is Rheumatic fever?
An inflammatory disease occurring after group a b-hemolytic pharyngitis
How is rheumatic fever treated?
Antibiotics to eradicate infection
Aspirin to treat carditis
What is hyperlipidemia?
Excessive lipids
What are bradydysrhythmias?
Abnormally slow rate
What are tachydysrhythmias?
Abnormally rapid rate
What are conduction disturbances?
Irregular heart rate
What is pulmonary artery hypertension?
A group of rare disorders that result in an elevation of pulmonary artery pressure
What are the manifestations of pulmonary artery hypertension?
Dyspnea with exercise
Chest pain
Syncope
What is cardiomyopathy?
Abnormalities of the myocardium in which the ability of the muscle to contract is impaired
What causes essential hypertension?
No known cause
What causes secondary hypertension?
A structural abnormality or underlying pathology
What is pre hypertension?
Average systolic or diastolic BP levels that are 90th percentile but less than 95th percentile
What is hypertension?
Systolic and/or diastolic BP that is 95th percentile for gender, age, and height percentile on 3 occasions
What is stage I hypertension?
BP levels that range from the 95th percentile to 5mm hg above the 99th percentile
What is stage II hypertension?
BP levels that are greater than 5mm hg above the 99th percentile
What percent of the arm circumference should the bladder be?
40%
What is Kawasaki disease?
A condition that causes inflammation in the walls of some blood vessels in the body
What is the cause of Kawasaki disease?
Unknown
What are the manifestations of Kawasaki disease?
Fever Conjunctival hyperemia Cervical lymph node enlargement Crackling skin Coronary artery aneurysms
How is Kawasaki disease treated?
Intravenous immunoglobulin
aspirin
What is the most common anomaly?
Ventricular septal defect
Which defects are acyanotic?
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosis
Ateioventricular canal
What defects are cyanotic?
Tetralogy of fallot
Tricuspid atresia
What does tetralogy of fallot include?
A large VSd
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricle hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
