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Step Up to USMLE Step 2 > Cardiovascular disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular disorders Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

coronary arteries fill during _____________ (diastole / systole)

A

diastole

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2
Q

What do the numbers represent in the pressure-volume loop?

A
  1. mitral valve opening
  2. ventricular filling
  3. mitral valve closing
  4. isovolumetric contraction
  5. aortic valve opening
  6. ejection
  7. aortic valve closing
  8. isovolumetric relaxation
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3
Q

what are the criteria for initiating a moderate or high intensity statin?

A
  • clinical ASCVD
  • LDL over 190
  • DM AND age 40-75
  • 10 yr ASCVD risk 7.5% AND age 40-75
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4
Q

what is the site of action of fibrates?

A

blood - stimulate lipoprotein lipase

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5
Q

TPA decreases mortality if used within ____ hours post-MI

A

12

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6
Q

what is the treatment for type I heart block?

A
  • adjust doses of medications associated with heart block
  • pacemaker ONLY IF SYMPTOMATIC BRADYCARDIA
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7
Q

type I heart block is caused by a conduction defect in what part of the heart?

A

intranodal or His bundle

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8
Q

type II heart block is caused by a conduction defect in what part of the heart?

A

INFRAnodal (His bundle, Purkinje fibers)

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9
Q

what is the treatment for type II heart block?

A

pacemaker

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10
Q

paroxysmal SVT is an arrhythmia that arises in which location(s)?

A

atria or aV junction

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11
Q

what is the usual cause of PSVT?

A

reentry anomaly (AV nodal reentry, AV reentry)

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12
Q

what is the difference between AV nodal reentry and AV reentry?

A
  • AV nodal reentry: fast and slow pathways
  • AV reentry (WPW): extra pathway
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13
Q

what is the pharmacological therapy for nodal reentry tachycardia?

A
  • nodal reentry: BB or CCB
  • reentry (WPW): type Ia or Ic, or catheter ablation
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14
Q

what is the cutoff for administering cardioversion in a patient with A fib?

A

two days - if after two days, must confirm that there is no thrombus (if there is a thrombus, anticoag and wait 3-4 weeks before cardioversion)

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15
Q

MOA of antiarrhythmics

A
  • Ia: sodium channel blockers (prolong AP)
  • Ib: sodium channel blockers (shorten AP)
  • Ic: sodium channel blockers (no effect on AP)
  • II: BBs
  • III: potassium channel blockers
  • IV: calcium channel blockers
  • Other: potassium channel actviation (decrease in intracellular cAMP)
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16
Q

quinidine and procainamide are examples of what class of antiarrhythmic?

A

Ia (sodium channel blockers - prolong AP)

17
Q

lidocaine and tocainide are examples of what class of antiarrhythmic?

A

Ib (sodium channel blockers - shorten AP)

18
Q

flecainide and propafenone are examples of what class of antiarrhythmic?

A

Ic (sodium channel blockers - no effect on AP)

19
Q

what is the equation for EF?

A

EF = SV / EDV

20
Q

what is the pharmacologic therapy for systolic HF?

A
  • loop diuretic (decrease preload)
  • ACE-I or ARB (decrease preload and afterload and increase CO)
  • add BB once stable on ACE-I
  • add aldosterone blocker (spironolactone or eplerenone) in select patients
21
Q

what is the pharmacologic therapy in diastolic HF?

A
  • CCB, ARB, ACE-I to control BP
  • BB to control HR and decrease workload
22
Q

what is the murmur type for aortic stenosis?

A

systolic ejection (crescendo-decrescendo)

23
Q

what is the murmur type for mitral regurg?

A

holosystolic

24
Q

what is the murmur type for tricuspid regurg?

A

holosystolic

25
Q

what is the murmur type for MVP?

A

late systolic (with click)

26
Q

what is the murmur type for aortic regurg?

A

early diastolic

27
Q

what is the murmur type for mitral stenosis?

A

mid/late diastolic

28
Q

what does valsalva do to AS?

A

decrease

29
Q

what is an austin flint murmur? in which type of valvular disease is it seen?

A
  • late diastolic rumble
  • aortic regurg
30
Q

what is the quincke sign? in which condition is it seen?

A
  • capillary pulsations in nail bed, more visible when pressure is applied
  • aortic regurg
31
Q

what is the pharm therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

BB, CCB

32
Q

what is the pharm therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

diuretics, ACEI, BB, anticoag

33
Q

equal pressure in all chambers on cardiac catheterization = ?

A

chronic constrictive pericarditis

34
Q

what is the treatment for chronic constrictive pericarditis?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • colchicine
  • surgical excision of pericardium
35
Q

acute rheumatic fever is caused by untreated group ___ strep

A

group A

36
Q
A

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