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Smed > Cardiovascular Diseases Of Dogs And Cats > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases Of Dogs And Cats Flashcards

1
Q

Which direction do arteries flow

A

Away from the heart
Blood carried to lungs to be oxygenated

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2
Q

Which direction veins flow

A

Toward the heart
Oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart to go to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What is a diastole

A

Filling of the ventricle

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4
Q

What is a systole

A

Contraction of the ventricle

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5
Q

True or false: blood flows in one direction through the heart

A

True

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6
Q

What is a normal sound for the heart

A

Lub dub which is created by opening and closing of the valves in the heart

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7
Q

Where is the heart heard best

A

Apical impulse which is felt in the left side of the thorax

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8
Q

How should you asses the heart

A

Listen on both sides of the chest

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9
Q

What is the most common abnormal heart sound

A

A heart murmur which indicates underlying heart disease

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10
Q

What do cats commonly have in relation to heart abnormalities and what is this caused by

A

Functional murmurs caused by stress

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11
Q

What is a heart murmur

A

Turbulent blood flow where blood is flowing in multiple directions which causes vibrations heard with the stethoscope
Makes a whoosh sound

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12
Q

How can you best hear a heart murmur

A

Point maximal intensity

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13
Q

How can heart murmurs best be described

A

By their location, timing, and loudness

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14
Q

What does a heart murmur grade describe

A

Loudness or the heart

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15
Q

What does the grade of the heart murmur not correlate with

A

Severity of the disease

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16
Q

Grade 1 heart murmur

A

Very soft murmur, not immediately audible

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17
Q

Grade 2

A

Soft murmur noted with careful auscultation

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18
Q

Grade 3

A

Moderate murmur immediately audible

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19
Q

Grade 4

A

Loud murmur without thrill

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20
Q

Grade 5

A

Loud murmur with palpable thrill

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21
Q

Grade 6

A

Audible with stethoscope off the chest wall

22
Q

Mitral valve degeneration is what

A

Degenerative disturbance of connective tissue of the mitral valve leading to heart disease
Most common cardiac disease

23
Q

What does MVD lead to

A

Mitral valve regurgitation resulting in cardiac volume overload
The heart will not be able to keep up and cause heart failure

24
Q

When is MVD most common

A

In smaller breeds or older dogs
Increases with age

25
Q

Clinical signs of MVD

A

Left sided apical systolic murmur
Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) or difficulty breathing (dyspnea)

26
Q

How can you diagnose MVD

A

Auscultation
Radiographs where you see left atrial enlargement or cardiomegaly
Echocardiogram which is left atrial and ventricular size increase

27
Q

How can you treat MVD

A

Monitor for changes that suggest progression with heart failure
Pimobendan (vetmedin) which is a positive ionotrope that helps pump blood more efficiently and reduces the rate of change the heart size will increase

28
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Hear disease where there is impaired, weakened systolic function of one or both ventricles
It causes cardiac enlargement and possible CHF arrhythmias or both

29
Q

What is DCM associated with

A

Diets such as grain free or in cats with a taurine deficiency

30
Q

Who does DCM usually affect more

A

Dogs especially Dobermans
Usually males more than females
Adult onset disease is 4-10 years

31
Q

Clinical signs of DCM

A

Many may not have clinical signs
Cardiac arrhythmias
Syncope which is temporary loss of consciousness due to low blood flow
Soft grade 1-3 systolic left and/ or right apical murmur

32
Q

How do you diagnose DCM

A

Suspected based on predisposed breeds with heart murmurs or arrhythmias
Radiographs where you may see cardiomegaly or enlarged atriums
Electrocardiogram where you may see sinus or ventricular tachycardia
Echocardiogram where you may see ventricular and atrial dilation

33
Q

Treatment of DCM

A

Anti arrhythmias like digoxin
Pimobendan (vetmedin)
ACE inhibitors that lower blood pressure

34
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Hear disease that is characterized by increased ventricular wall thickness (commonly left)

35
Q

What does HCM result in

A

Altered contractions and relaxation as it pumps blood
Increase risk of thromboembolism

36
Q

When is HCM most common

A

In older cats

37
Q

Clinical signs of HCM

A

Usually none but can be found on physical exam
Systolic murmur
Arrhythmias

38
Q

How can you diagnose HCM

A

Pro BNP which assesses for heart muscle damage
Echocardiogram where you may see increased inter ventricular septum thickness or left ventricular thickness
ECG where you may see possible ventricular premature complexes
Radiographs where you may see cardiomegaly

39
Q

How do you treat HCM

A

ACE inhibitors
Clopidogrel which can break down clots or prevent them
Monitor signs for heart failure

40
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus

A

Arterial shunt between aorta and pulmonary artery present in the fetuses but should constrict and close 24 hours after birth
Most common congenital heart defect

41
Q

Who does PDA usually affect the most

A

Young dogs

42
Q

Clinical signs of PDA

A

Usually found incidentally
Continuous heart murmur
Exercise intolerance or failure to thrive

43
Q

How can you diagnose PDA

A

Radiographs where you may see enlarged aorta or enlarged left side of the heart
Echocardiogram where you may see patent ductus

44
Q

Treatment for PDA

A

Surgery where you will do a PDA closure with ductal occluder or vessel ligation with thoracotomy

45
Q

What is congestive heart failure

A

Sudden onset of clinical signs associated with pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) or cavity effusions due to heart diseases

46
Q

Why does CHF usually occur

A

Pressure within the veins and capillaries drain into the diseased side of the heart to the point where the vessels leak

47
Q

What do you see in right sided CHF

A

Ascites or pleural effusion

48
Q

What do you see in left sided CHF

A

Pulmonary edema

49
Q

Clinical signs of CHF

A

Tachypnea and dyspnea
Cough
Pulmonary crackles
Decreased breath sounds
Exercise intolerance
Restlessness
Heart murmurs

50
Q

How can you diagnose CHF for the right side

A

Radiographs where you may see decreased serosal detail or pleural effusion

51
Q

How can you diagnose CHF on the left side

A

Radiographs where you may see pulmonary edema in perihilar region or left atrial enlargement

52
Q

How can you treat CHF

A

Furosemide which is a diuretic to treat fluid retention
Oxygen therapy
ACE inhibitors

Smed (8 decks)

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