Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
Define cardiovascular diseases.
Shed light on ischaemic heart diseases, coronary heart diseases and coronary artery diseases.
- CVD describes diseases of the heart and blood vessels
* Coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease are all the same thing
List the types of cardiovascular diseases
Hypertension
- Coronary artery disease
- Congestive heart failure
- Infective endocarditis
- Valvular defects
- Congenital heart disease
- Arrhythmias
- Rheumatic heart disease
Describe hypertension
Too much force Is exerted on arterial walls as blood is pumped through
Describe rheumatic heart disease
Damage to heart valves due to rheumatic fever
Describe coronary artery disease
Poor blood perfusion due to atherosclerosis
Describe congestive heart failure
Condition in which the hearts function as a pump is inadequate to meet the body’s needs
Describe infective endocarditis
Oral bacteria and other micro-organisms which cause inflammation of heart
Describe valvular defects
Defects to one of the valves. Results in the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Describe congenital heart disease
Patients born with cardiac abnormalities where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix
Describe arrhythmias
Known as irregular heartbeat, bradycardia or tachycardia
List the three causes of infective endocarditis
Self- induced bacteraemia
Infection at portals of entry
Trauma to tissue by instrumentation
Describe the three causes of infective carditis
Self- induced bacteraemia
• Eating, bruxing, chewing gum or any activity (even interdental aids) that can force bacteria through wall of a diseased sulcus or pocket.
Infection at portals of entry
• Infections at sites where microorganisms may enter circulating blood
• Periodontal / gingival pockets
• Open area of infection (E.g. ulcer caused by ill-fitting denture)
Trauma to tissue by instrumentation
• Periodontal therapy / scaling
• General or oral surgery
List instances where antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated for endocarditis
• Prosthetic valves
• Previous infective endocarditis
• Cardiac transplantation
• Rheumatic heart disease in Indigenous Australians and Maori and pacific Islander people
• Congenital heart disease but only if it involves:
o Unrepaired cyanotic defects
o Defects repaired with prosthetics material or devices 6 months after the procedure
o Repaired defects with residual defects near a prosthetic patch
Discuss non-modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease
- Age
- Gender (males)
- Ethnicity
- Genetics
- Other diseases such as renal disease, endocrine disorders
Discuss modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease
Smoking • High Cholesterol • High Blood Pressure • Diabetes • Overweight • Inactive • Depression • Excess salt (hypertension)
Discuss cardiovascular disease and link to periodontal disease
- Periodontal treatment can improve endothelial function and other risk markers of atherosclerosis
- Lowering LDL-cholesterol by statins prevents or reduces periodontal disease
- Having periodontal disease increases risk of developing CHD
- Bacteria and pro-inflammatory cytokines involved n periodontal pathogenesis can enter into the bloodstream and result in CVD
- Bacterial entry causes a spike in C- Reactive proteins which causes inflammation.
- CRP predict risk of CVD and CRP levels reflect the severity of periodontitis
Discuss the overall management of a patient with cardiovascular disease
-no perio treatment should be given to a patient with a systolic of >180 and diastolic of >110
- maintain a high level of OH
prior to treatment have the patient brush, rinse, flood with an antimicrobial rinse
discuss oral complications of a patient with CVD
- Xerostomia
- burning mouth syndrome
- loss of taste
- lichenoid reactions
- gingival bleeding
- haematomas
- petechiae
for hypertension describe systolic and diastolic pressure
systolic- occurs when blood pressure id pushed through the arteries by contraction of the heart
diastolic- occurs when the heart relaxes between beats
hypertension- excessive force is expected against the arterial wall as blood flows through
list the 8 primary risk factors for hypertension
- tabacco use
- overweight
- hereditary
- race
- excessive salt in diet
- environment
- sex- men are more affected
- age
state the 4 causes of secondary hypertension
- oral contraceptive
- renal disease
- endocrine disorders
- medications= decongestive and steroids
state the 5 causes of congestive heart failure
- cardiac issue= value damage & abnormality in heart muscles
- precipitating causes= acute hypotensive crises, massive pulmonary embolism and arrhythmia
- drug therapy
- diet- excessive salt
- limitation of activity
define valvular defect and state the 3 types
- the valvular defect is a result of oxygenated blood mixing with deoxygenated blood
1- ventricular defect= defects between ventricle the lower chamber of the heart that would normally pump blood to the body
2- atrial defect= defects between the upper chambers of the heart that would normally receive blood from the body
3- patient ductus arterious (PDA)= opening between two major blood vessels of the heart, usually closes shortly after birth. if ductus arterious remains open its referred to as patient ductus arterious (can close with medication by may require surgery )
