cardiovascular disease Flashcards
why can high blood pressure increase risk of developing cvd
high blood pressure causes damage to endothelium of the arteries
inflammatory response/ build up of cholesterol leads to formation of atheroma
plaque develops and narrows the lumen of the artery
risk of having a hole between two ventricles in mammal
less oxygen available for aerobic respiration
deoxy and oxy blood mix
reduce conc of ox circulating in body
- some deoxy blood does not leave right ventricle/ transferred to left ventricle/ does not go to the lungs/ goes to respiring tissues
how can diet affect development of cvd
higher salt intake increases blood pressure
high blood pressrue causes damage to endothelium of artery
high intake of cholesterol–> high LDLs linked to atheroma/ plaque formation
medicine to reduce blood pressure
antihypertensives
role of LDLs in development of atherosclerosis
LDL carries cholesterol in blood
cholesterol deposited to form atheroma
in endothelium of artery
how can atherosclerosis damage heart muscle
narrowing of lumen of coronary arteries
reduces the blood flow/ oxygen flow to the cardiac muscle
reduces aerobic respiration
role of thrombin in blood clotting
thrombin is an enzyme which catalyses conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
mesh of fibrin traps platelets/ RBCs to form a clot
explain how a blood clot would form in a blood vessel
collagen exposed when wall of blood vessel is damaged
leading to release of thromboplastin
which catalyses conversion of prothrombin (protein) to thrombin (enzyme)
thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrin forms a mesh of fibres and traps RBCS to form a clot
describe how very high blood pressure could result in atherosclerosis
high blood pressure damages the endothelium of the artery
causes inflammatory response
WBCs/ cholesterol accumulate and an atheroma forms
calcium, salts and fibrous tissue build up/ formation of plaque
explain why platelet inhibitors could reduce risk of a heart attack
reduce risk of blood clots forming
less likely that coronary arteries/ blood flow to heart muscle will be blocked
explain how atherosclerosis in one part of an artery could increase likelihood of developing it in another part of the artery
atherosclerosis/ plaques narrow the lumen
increases blood pressure further
positive feedback
explain role of antihypertensives in reducing risk of atherosclerosis
antihypertensives lower blood pressure
lower BP reduces risk of damage to endothelium of artery
reduced risk of inflammatory response
reduced risk of atheroma/ plaque formation
two side effects of taking drugs to reduce blood pressure
nausea
muscle cramps
dizziness/ fainting
kidney failure
explain why beta blockers are prescribed (have antihypertensive properties)
beta blockers reduce BP
therefore reduces risk of atherosclerosis/ heart disease/ CVD
describe how high BP could be reduced by medication and lifestyle changes
treatment with antihypertensive medication
reduce salt intake
increase exercise
reduce weight
stop smoking
explain the effect that a high salt diet could have on a person’s risk of developing CVD
increases risk of CVD
causes increased BP
which increases risk of endothelial damage to artery/ atherosclerosis
increases risk of inflammatory response
increased risk of atheroma/ plaque formation
narrowing of arteries increases risk of blood clots/ increases BP/ reduces blood flow to cardiac muscle)
