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Human Anatomy > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

2 atria
2 ventricles

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2
Q

Right side of the heart is responsible for what?

A

Receiving oxygen-poor blood from the circulation
Pumping blood to the lungs

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3
Q

Left side of heart is responsible for what?

A

Receiving oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
Pumping blood to the body

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4
Q

Oxygen-poor blood is returned to the _____ atrium and pumped out the _____ventricle to the ________ arteries.

A

Right, Right, Pulmonary

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5
Q

Where is O2 and CO2 exchanged through diffusion?

A

At the capillaries and alveoli

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6
Q

What type of blood returns to the left atrium and pumps out the left ventricle through the aorta to the systemic circulation?

A

Oxygen-rich blood

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7
Q

“The presence of an obstruction that causes permanent damage to the heart muscle fibers downstream, thus inhibiting heart muscle function”

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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8
Q

What is the outer layer of the artery called?

A

Adventitia

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9
Q

What is the muscle layer of the artery called?

A

Tunica media

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10
Q

What is the inner layer of the artery called?

A

Tunica Intima

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11
Q

What is the most inner structure called of the tunica intima of the artery?

A

Endothelium

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12
Q

What are the key events in artherosclerosis?

A
  1. Fatty streaks
  2. Plaque Formation (Endothelium dysfunction)
  3. Formation of thrombus
  4. Vascular calcification (weakens wall, necrosis, thrombus -> embolus)
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13
Q

What is the underlying cause of Atherosclerosis?

A

Inflammation

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14
Q

What are examples of arterial endothelium inflammation initiating cytokines?

A

-Hyperglycemia
-bacteria
-toxins for smoking
-excessive lipids

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15
Q

Endothelium attracts _____ which kicks off an inflammatory response in the vessel wall.

A

Leukocytes

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16
Q

What happens to the vessel walls when leukocytes respond to the inflammation in the endothelium layer?

A

Leads to structural change in the vessel walls, leading to plaque

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17
Q

What is the order of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. fatty streaks
  2. Fibrous plaque
  3. Occlusion of the vessel lumen
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18
Q

Plaque may undergo calcification leading to what?

A

Ischemia, hypoxia or anoxia to the target organ

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19
Q

What are examples of health behavior modifications?

A
  1. Cease cigarette smoking
  2. Physical Activity
  3. Healthy diet
  4. Normal body weight
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20
Q

What are some examples of managing health factors?

A
  1. Blood pressure
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Fasting blood glucose
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21
Q

What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. GENETICS and environmental
  2. Cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking
  3. Age, gender, race, activity level
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22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of the patient with coronary heart disease typically occurs on one of the 4 ways……

A
  1. Sudden cardiac death
  2. Chronic stable angina
  3. Acute coronary syndrome
  4. Cardiac muscle dysfunction
23
Q

What is the umbrella term used to define acute myocardial ischemia?

A

Acute coronary syndrome

24
Q

Acute coronary syndrome is divided into 3 components, what are they?

A
  1. Unstable angina
  2. NSTEMI (non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction)
  3. STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction)
25
Q

Chest pain related to ischemia of the myocardium is defined as what?

A

Angina Pectoris

26
Q

What causes angina pectoris?

A

There is an increased oxygen demand of the heart muscle that cannot be matched by increased perfusion through the coronary arteries.

27
Q

What is caused by coronary artery disease?

A

-Valve disease
-hypertrophy of the heart

28
Q

In angina pectoris, where may the pain be referred to?

A

The Left shoulder, neck, jaw, and between the shoulder blades

29
Q

What are common symptoms in women that experience angina pectoris?

A

Fatigue, indigestion, sweating, and a sense of dread

30
Q

Angina Pectoris can be presented how?

A

Stable, unstable, or variant

31
Q

Angina Pectoris is associated with an increased risk of what?

A

Myocardial infarction

32
Q

Myocardial Infarction is defined as what?

A

An interruption in blood supply to the area of myocardium.

33
Q

Myocardial infarction depends on what?

A

The location and extent of occlusion

34
Q

Diagnosis of MI is based upon…

A

-ECG
-Enzyme levels (troponin, creatine kinase)
-symptoms

35
Q

What are the 4 stages of acute coronary syndrome?

A
  1. Stable Angina
  2. Unstable Angina
  3. NSTEMI
  4. STEMI
36
Q

Angina pain develops when there is increased demand in the setting of a stable atherosclerotic plaque. The vessel is unable to dilate enough to allow adequate blood flow to meet the myocardial demand.

A

Stable Angina

37
Q

Demand ischemia, no infarction is associated with what stage in ACS?

A

Stable Angina

38
Q

What are stages have normal troponins levels?

A

Stable and unable angina

39
Q

What level of ACS has a normal ECG?

A

Stable angina

40
Q

The plaque ruptures and a thrombus forms around the ruptured plaque, causing partial occlusion of the vessel. Angina pain occurs at rest or progresses rapidly over a short period of time. What stage is this?

A

Unstable Angina

41
Q

What does the ECG during an unstable angina and NSTEMI read?

A

Normal, Inverted T waves, or ST depression

42
Q

What stage of ACS, where the plaque ruptures and thrombus formation causes partial occlusion to the vessel that results in injury and infarction to the subendocardial myocardium.

A

NSTEMI

43
Q

Supply ischemia, no infarct is associated with what ACS?

A

Unstable angina

44
Q

Subendocardial infarct occurs at what stage?

A

NSTEMI

45
Q

What stages has elevated troponins?

A

NSTEMI and STEMI

46
Q

What stage is characterized by complete occlusion of blood vessel lumen, resulting in transmural injury and infarct to the myocardium, which is reflected by ECG changes and a rise in troponins.

A

STEMI

47
Q

Transmural infarct is associated with what stage?

A

STEMI

48
Q

Transmural infarct is associated with what stage?

A

STEMI

49
Q

During STEMI, what does the ECG read?

A

Hyperacute T waves or ST elevation

50
Q

What are some complications of MI?

A

-Pumping ability of the heart
-Persistent angina and arrhythmias
-blood flow through the arteries
-exercise/activity tolerance
-functional/mobility limitations
-other systems affected by disease

51
Q

What are some treatment to cardiovascular diseases/MI?

A

-prompt recognition
-Decrease myocardial work/O2 demands
-pharmacological
-surgical
-behavior modification (diet, exercise, smoking cessation, management of HTN)

52
Q

What factors depend on the prognosis when treating cardiovascular diseases/MI?

A
  • Size and location of infarct strongly influence the acute course
  • Dependent upon L ventricular function
53
Q

What are some PT implications when treating cardiovascular patients?

A

-once medically stable, progressive mobility
-evaluate tolerance to all activities
-Goal: return to PLOF
-General activity guidelines, role of exercise, and self monitoring techniques
-6 minute walk test (outcome measure)
-Asses ability to follow up with cardiac rehab

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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