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Topic 1 bio > Cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the start of most cardiovascular diseases?

A

atheroma formation

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2
Q

what is an atheroma?

A

fibrous plaque; builds up in the arteries

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3
Q

what is arthersclerosis and what is it caused by?

A

progressive cardiovascular disease; caused by the hardening of arteries

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4
Q

how does arthersclerosis develop?

A

raised BP = endothelium damage
= inflammatory response = fatty streak forms = overtime atheroma forms = narrowed arteries = restricted blood flow = raised BP

(the continuing of this cycle is atherosclerosis)

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5
Q

why is atheroma formation bad?

A

narrows arteries; resticts bloodflow; raises BP

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6
Q

what are 5 health risks caused by artherscerosis?

A

aneurysm
heart attack
stroke
coronary heart disease
increased risk of thrombosis

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7
Q

how does atherosclerosis increase the risk of thrombosis?

A

creates more chances for an atheroma to rupture the artery endothelium wall

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8
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

the formation of a blood clot

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9
Q

how is thrombosis triggered?

A

when an atheroma ruptures the artery endothelium wall

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10
Q

why is thrombosis dangerous?

A

blood clots obstruct blood flow

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11
Q

what is the clotting cascade?

A

a series of enzyme controlled reactions in the blood that lead to the formation of a blood clot

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12
Q

what are the 5 steps of the clotting cascade?

A
  • thromboplastin released + calcium ions
  • triggers conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  • catalyses breakdown of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
  • forms a network of fibres to trap platelets
    ⇒ BLOOD CLOT
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13
Q

is fibrinogen soluble?

A

YES

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14
Q

is fibrin soluble?

A

NO

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15
Q

what are 6 modifiable risk factors of CVD?

A
  • obesity
  • lack of exersise
  • diet high in cholesterol/ salt/ saturated fats
  • smoking
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16
Q

what are 3 non-modifiable risk factors of CVD?

A

genetics, age and sex

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17
Q

why is age a risk factor of CVD?

A

because it reduces elasticity and width of arteries

18
Q

which sex has an increased risk of developing CVD and why?

A

males and post menopausal women because oestrogen provides protection to endothelium tissue

19
Q

how does lack of exersise/ obesity increase the risk of CVD?

A
  • increases your blood pressure, which increases the risk of endothelium damage
20
Q

How does a diet high in saturated fats increase your risk of developing CVD?

A

raises your cholesterol levels, which increases the amount of plaque able to form in the arteries

21
Q

how does smoking increases the risk of CVD?

A

causes endothelium damage

22
Q

what are the 2 ways cholesterol is transported as?

A
  • High Density Lipoproteins
  • Low density lipoproteins
23
Q

what are HDLs made up of?

A

mainly protein, less lipid

24
Q

whats the role of HDLs?

A

to transport cholesterol from tissue to liver where it’s broken down

25
Q

what are LDLs made up of?

A

mainly lipid, less protein

26
Q

whats the role of LDLs?

A

to transport cholesterol from the liver to blood where it’s circulated to where it’s needed

27
Q

should HDLs be maintained at a high or low level and why?

A

high, as they reduce blood cholesterol levels

28
Q

should LDLs be maintained at a high or low level and why?

A

low, as they increase blood cholesterol levels

29
Q

what are the 4 types of CVD drug treatment?

A
  • antihypertensives
  • statins
  • anticoagulants
  • platelet inhibitors
30
Q

what are statins and how do they reduce the risk of CVD?

A

a group of medicines which inhibit an enzyme in the liver that produces LDL cholesterol

31
Q

what are some side effects of statins?

A

tiredness, headache, muscle weakness, nausea

32
Q

what are anticoagulants and how do they reduce the risk of CVD?

A

a group medicines which reduce the risk of clot formation

33
Q

what is the risk of taking anticoagulants?

A

uncontrolled bleeding

34
Q

how platelet inhibitory drugs reduce the risk of CVD?

A

prevent platelets from sticking together to form blood clot

35
Q

whats a side effect of taking platelet inhibitors?

A

stomach lining irritancy

36
Q

what type of drug is aspirin?

A

a platelet inhibitor

37
Q

what are antihypertensives?

A

medication which lowers your blood pressure (treating hypertension)

38
Q

what is the main general side effect for all antihypertensives?

A

dizziness

39
Q

what are 3 types of antihypertensives?

A
  • diuretics
  • calcium channel blockers
  • ACE inhibitors
40
Q

how do diuretics reduce the risk of CVD?

A

lowers your BP by lowering the amount of fluid flowing through the veins and arteries by helping the kidneys remove salt and water through urine

41
Q

how do ACE inhibitors reduce the risk CVD?

A

lowers your BP by blocking the production of ACE which narrows arteries

42
Q

how do calcium channel blockers reduce the risk of CVD?

A

lowers your BP by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries as calcium causes the heart and arteries to squeeze more strongly by blocking calcium allows blood vessels to relax and open

Topic 1 bio (3 decks)

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