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Topic 1 bio > biological molecules + mass transport > Flashcards

biological molecules + mass transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what atoms make up a lipid?

A
  • carbon
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen
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2
Q

what is a triglyceride?

A

A lipid made up of 3 fatty acid tails + glycerol

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3
Q

what bond joins glycerol to its fatty acid tails?

A

ester bond

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4
Q

glycerol structure

A

CH2 - OH
|
CH - OH
|
CH2 - OH

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5
Q

fatty acid structure

A

COOH-R

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6
Q

what does a C=C bond do to a fatty acid

A

causes the tail to kink

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7
Q

are fatty acid tails soluble in water and why/ why not?

A

insoluble in water as they are hydrophobic and non-polar

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8
Q

what are all macromolecules made up of?

A

hydrogen, oxygen and carbon

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9
Q

name 3 monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

whats general formula for a monosaccharide?

A

(CH2O)n

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11
Q

are monosaccharides soluble?

A

yes

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12
Q

whats the most commonly found type of monosacchide?

A

hexose sugars

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13
Q

what type of sugar is fructose?

A

pentose

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14
Q

what type of sugar is galactose?

A

hexose

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15
Q

what type of sugar is glucose?

A

hexose

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16
Q

formula of respiration

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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17
Q

How is glucose well adapted for it’s role? [3]

A
  • small, so easily transported into and out of cells
  • soluble, so easily transported in blood
  • not very reactive, so breakdown can only occur if catalysed therefore enzymes can control rate of respiration
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18
Q

are disaccharides soluble?

A

yes

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19
Q

name 3 disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose and lactose

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20
Q

what monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

a-glucose + a-glucose

21
Q

what monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

a-glucose + fructose

22
Q

what monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

a-glucose + galactose

23
Q

where is maltose found?

A

in germinating seeds

24
Q

where is sucrose found?

A

plants

25
Q

where is lactose found?

A

mammalian milk

26
Q

what bond forms between 2 monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bond

27
Q

are polysaccharides soluble?

A

NO

28
Q

are polysaccharides sugars?

A

NO

29
Q

how are polysaccharides broken down?

A

via a series of hydrolysis reactions

30
Q

how are polysaccharides formed?

A

via a series of condensation reactions

31
Q

How are polysaccharides well adapted for storage of glucose?

A
  • large so cannot diffuse out of cells via carrier proteins
  • insoluble so doesn’t affect osmotic balance of cell
  • compact so lots of energy in a small space
  • broken down quickly so readily accessible energy source
32
Q

whats the main storage of energy in plants?

A

starch

33
Q

where and how is starch stored in plants?

A

in amyloplasts as insoluble grains

34
Q

what is starch made up of?

A

different polysaccharides of alpha-glucose: amylose and amylopectin

35
Q

what are amylose and amylopectin made up of?

A

alpha-glucose

36
Q

describe the structure of amylose

A
  • long chain of alpha-glucose
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds only
  • compact helix spiral
  • only 2 accessible ends
37
Q

is amylose broken down quickly or slowly?

A

slowly - only 2 accessible ends

38
Q

describe the structure of amylopectin

A
  • branches of alpha-glucose
  • helix spirals
  • 1,4 AND 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • lots of accessible ends
39
Q

is amylopectin broken down quickly or slowly

A

quickly - lots of accessible ends

40
Q

is amylose or amylopectin a faster release of glucose?

A

amylopectin as it has lots more accessible ends

41
Q

whats the main storage of energy in animals/ fungi?

A

Glycogen

42
Q

where is glycogen found in animals and why is it mainly found in these places?

A

in the liver and muscle cells (as they both have high metabolic rates)

43
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A
  • alpha-glucose
  • 1,4 AND 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • lots of accessible ends
44
Q

why is it important that glycogen have lots of accessible ends?

A
  • main storage of energy in animals
  • animals very high metabolic requirements
  • lots of accessible ends = quick release of energy to meet these metabolic requirements
45
Q

What are the 2 isomers of glucose and how do you tell them apart?

A
  • alpha glucose has both -OH groups facing downwards (cis)
  • beta glucose has -OH groups facing opposite ways (trans) (up on the side of the O)
46
Q

Explain how 2 properties of water make it an ideal transport medium [4]

A
  • polar, so can dissolve ions/ polar
  • cohesive, so has the ability to flow
47
Q

why do single-celled organisms not need a circulation system but larger organism do? [2]

A

single-celled organisms have a larger surface area:volume ratio and therefore a shorter diffusion pathway

48
Q

explain why a human needs a heart [3]

A

to supply oxygen/ glucose to cells/ remove CO2 from the body via mass transport as the surface area:volume ratio is too small for diffusion to occur at a sufficient rate

Topic 1 bio (3 decks)

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