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medsurge > cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

cardiovascular disease Flashcards

1
Q

elevated blood pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressure is greater than 140/90 mmhg)

A

hypertension

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2
Q

idiopathic and most common form of hypertension

A

primary hypertension

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3
Q

hypertension caused by an underlying disease/pre-existing condition

A

secondary hypertension

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4
Q

normal blood pressure

A

<120/<80

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5
Q

elevated blood pressure

A

120/<80

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6
Q

mild or stage 1 blood pressure

A

130/80

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7
Q

moderate or stage 2 blood pressure

A

140/90

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8
Q

severe or stage 3 blood pressure

A

150/100

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9
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

> 180/>120

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10
Q

hypertensive crisis with target organ damage

A

htn emergency

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11
Q

hypertensive crisis without target organ damage

A

htn urgency

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12
Q

s/sx of htn

A

high bp, nuchal headache (pananakit sa batok), epistaxis (nosebleed), dizziness

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13
Q

s/sx of severe htn

A

retinal hemorrhage, cotton wool spots, papilledema

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14
Q

complications of htn

A

coronary disease, renal failure, stroke

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15
Q

drugs that lowers blood pressure by preventing hormone called norepinephrine from tighetining the muscle in walls of smaller arteries; most important and famous drug for htn (example: clonidine)

A

alpha-blockers

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16
Q

drugs that promotes vasodilation and prevents vasoconstriction (ex: metoprolol)

A

beta-blockers

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17
Q

drugs that block calcium channel (ex: amlodipine)

A

calci-block

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18
Q

drugs that targets angiotensin 1 to angiogensin 2 (example: enalapril)

A

ace (angiotensin converting enzymes)

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19
Q

drugs that blocks receptors that the hormone acts on, sprecifically at1 receptors)

A

ARBS (angiotensin 2 receptor blockers)

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20
Q

what is dash diet

A

dietary approaches to stop hypertension

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21
Q

prio nursing dx for htn

A

decreased cardiac output

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22
Q

episodes of pain and pressure in anterior chest caused by insufficient coronary blood flow

A

angina pectoris

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23
Q

type of angina pectoris that has a predictable consistent chest pain during exertion and is relieved by rest

A

stable

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24
Q

type of angina pectoris that is pain at rest

A

prinzmetal or variant

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25
Q

type of angina pectoris that is unpredictable, frequent and unrelieved by rest

A

unstable or preinfarction

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26
Q

type of angina pectoris that is intractable, incapacitating, and is a severe chest pain

A

refractory

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27
Q

most common cause of angina pectoris

A

atherosclerosis

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28
Q

most common presenting symptom of angina pectoris

A

chest pain, discomfort, and dyspnea

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29
Q

drug of choice for angina pectoris

A

anti-anginal drug

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30
Q

also known as ischemic heart disease, partial or complete obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscle

A

coronary artery disease

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31
Q

most usual cause

A

atherosclerosis

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32
Q

local accumulation of lipid, fat, deposit, plaques, atheromas, and fibrous tissues along intima later of artery; inflammatory response to artery wall injury

A

atherosclerosis

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33
Q

4 major risk factors of coronary artery disease

A

smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes

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34
Q

most common s/sx of cad

A

chest pain, murmur, bradycardia

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35
Q

drug of choice for cad

A

antilipemics (simvastatin)

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36
Q

causes inflammation of the endocardium

A

rheumatic endocarditis

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37
Q

most common cause of rheumatic endocarditis

A

URTI and pharyngitis

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38
Q

first sign of rheumatic endocarditis

A

sore throat

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39
Q

most common sign of rheumatic endocarditis

A

polyarthritis

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40
Q

most important sign of rheumatic endocarditis

A

carditis (muffled heart, cardiomegaly)

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41
Q

nursing dx for r.end

A

acute pain

42
Q

doc for r.end infection

A

penicillin

43
Q

inflammation in the inner layer of endocardium

A

infective endocarditis

44
Q

cause of infective endocarditis

A

s.viridans, s.aureus

45
Q

definitive dx of IE

A

blood culture

46
Q

main sign of IE

A

murmur (ie has febrile syndrome)

47
Q

major complication for IE

A

arterial embolization

48
Q

complication for IE that affectsleft and right side of heart

A

heart failure

49
Q

mainstay tx for IE

A

antibiotic

50
Q

medication of choice for IE

A

penicillin and amphotericin B

51
Q

inflammation of the myocardium

A

myocarditis

52
Q

confirmatory dx of myocarditis

A

ct scan

53
Q

most common cause of myocarditis

A

infection

54
Q

inflammation of the pericardium (outer layer)

A

pericarditis

55
Q

confirmatory dx for pericarditis

A

CT SCAN

56
Q

hallmark sign for pericarditis

A

pericardial friction rub

57
Q

priority ndx for px with pericarditis

A

acute pain

58
Q

hardening of the arteries caused by thickening of muscle fibers and endothelial lining of small arterial walls

A

arteriosclerosis

59
Q

strongest risk factors of arteriosclerosis

A

smoking

60
Q

marker if developing cad; sign of generalized atherosclerosis

A

intermittend claudication

61
Q

priority ndx for athero/arteriosclerosis

A

impaired circulation

62
Q

weakness, dilation, outpouching, damage, and distention of the tunica media of the artery in abdomen and thoracic

A

aneurysm

63
Q

standard and most accurate dx for aneurysm

A

ct scan

64
Q

most common cause for aneurysm

A

atherosclerosis

65
Q

visible abdominal pulsating bulge/mass in mid-upper abdomen (most important indication)

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

66
Q

constant boring pain (most prominent), pain in supine position

A

thoracic aortic aneurysm

67
Q

standard tx for aneurysm

A

aneurysmectomy

68
Q

prio nursing dx for aneurysm

A

ineffective tissue perfusion

69
Q

doc for aneurysm

A

propanolol

70
Q

acute vascular occlusion caused by clot, embolus, thrombus

A

arterial embolism, thrombosis

71
Q

clinical signs of aneurysm

A

pain, pallor, pulselesness, paresthesia, paralysis, poikilothermia

72
Q

ndx for aneurysm

A

impaired circulation

73
Q

doc for aneurysm

A

embolectomy

74
Q

inflammation of arteries and vein of the hands and feet

A

Buerger’s disease

75
Q

primary cause of buerger’s disease

A

smoking

76
Q

first sign of buerger’s disease

A

pain in palm and arch

77
Q

doc for buerger’s disease

A

propanolol

78
Q

surgical removal of feet/hand

A

amputation

79
Q

surgical removal of toe/fingers

A

articulation

80
Q

ndx for buerger’s disease

A

ineffective tissue perfusion

81
Q

intermittent painful/spasm/construction of arteries in finger and toes

A

raynaud’s disease

82
Q

common cause of raynaud’s disease

A

cold, stress, caffeine

83
Q

arterial insufficiency of extremities

A

peripheral arterial occlusive disease

83
Q

doc for raynaud’s disease

A

calcium channel bloclers

84
Q

ndx for paod

A

impaired circulation

85
Q

medications for paod

A

pentoxyfilline (reduce blood viscosity) antiplatelet (prevent blood clot)

86
Q

blood clot formation due to virchow triad (endovascular damage, venous stasis, hypercoagulation)

A

deep vein thrombosis

87
Q

dvt na kulang yung tubig

A

hypercoagulation

88
Q

cause of dvt

A

prolong sit, prolonged standing, cross sit

89
Q

clinical sign of dvt

A

positive homans sign (pain during feet dorsiflexion)

90
Q

most serious complication for dvt

A

pulmonary embolism

91
Q

procedure of choice for dvt which removes thrombus in veins

A

venous thrombectomy

92
Q

limb swelling associated with bacterial infection

A

cellulitis

93
Q

common sign for cellulitis

A

swelling, localized redness

94
Q

common cause for cellulitis

A

ulceration, cracks, fissures, abrasion in legs

95
Q

dilated weak incompetent defective distending bulging protruded prominent visible tortuous veins in legs

A

varicose veins

96
Q

dx for varicose veins

A

duplex utz

97
Q

most common cause of varicose veins

A

prolong sitting, standing cross sitting

98
Q

most common clinical sign for varicose veins

A

heavy ache leg pain

99
Q

rocedure of choise for varicose veins

A

surgical ligation

medsurge (12 decks)

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