cardiovascular disease

Question 1

elevated blood pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressure is greater than 140/90 mmhg)

Answer 1

hypertension

Question 2

idiopathic and most common form of hypertension

Answer 2

primary hypertension

Question 3

hypertension caused by an underlying disease/pre-existing condition

Answer 3

secondary hypertension

Question 4

normal blood pressure

Answer 4

<120/<80

Question 5

elevated blood pressure

Answer 5

120/<80

Question 6

mild or stage 1 blood pressure

Answer 6

130/80

Question 7

moderate or stage 2 blood pressure

Answer 7

140/90

Question 8

severe or stage 3 blood pressure

Answer 8

150/100

Question 9

hypertensive crisis

Answer 9

> 180/>120

Question 10

hypertensive crisis with target organ damage

Answer 10

htn emergency

Question 11

hypertensive crisis without target organ damage

Answer 11

htn urgency

Question 12

s/sx of htn

Answer 12

high bp, nuchal headache (pananakit sa batok), epistaxis (nosebleed), dizziness

Question 13

s/sx of severe htn

Answer 13

retinal hemorrhage, cotton wool spots, papilledema

Question 14

complications of htn

Answer 14

coronary disease, renal failure, stroke

Question 15

drugs that lowers blood pressure by preventing hormone called norepinephrine from tighetining the muscle in walls of smaller arteries; most important and famous drug for htn (example: clonidine)

Answer 15

alpha-blockers

Question 16

drugs that promotes vasodilation and prevents vasoconstriction (ex: metoprolol)

Answer 16

beta-blockers

Question 17

drugs that block calcium channel (ex: amlodipine)

Answer 17

calci-block

Question 18

drugs that targets angiotensin 1 to angiogensin 2 (example: enalapril)

Answer 18

ace (angiotensin converting enzymes)

Question 19

drugs that blocks receptors that the hormone acts on, sprecifically at1 receptors)

Answer 19

ARBS (angiotensin 2 receptor blockers)

Question 20

what is dash diet

Answer 20

dietary approaches to stop hypertension

Question 21

prio nursing dx for htn

Answer 21

decreased cardiac output

Question 22

episodes of pain and pressure in anterior chest caused by insufficient coronary blood flow

Answer 22

angina pectoris

Question 23

type of angina pectoris that has a predictable consistent chest pain during exertion and is relieved by rest

Answer 23

stable

Question 24

type of angina pectoris that is pain at rest

Answer 24

prinzmetal or variant

Question 25

type of angina pectoris that is unpredictable, frequent and unrelieved by rest

Answer 25

unstable or preinfarction

Question 26

type of angina pectoris that is intractable, incapacitating, and is a severe chest pain

Answer 26

refractory

Question 27

most common cause of angina pectoris

Answer 27

atherosclerosis

Question 28

most common presenting symptom of angina pectoris

Answer 28

chest pain, discomfort, and dyspnea

Question 29

drug of choice for angina pectoris

Answer 29

anti-anginal drug

Question 30

also known as ischemic heart disease, partial or complete obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscle

Answer 30

coronary artery disease

Question 31

most usual cause

Answer 31

atherosclerosis

Question 32

local accumulation of lipid, fat, deposit, plaques, atheromas, and fibrous tissues along intima later of artery; inflammatory response to artery wall injury

Answer 32

atherosclerosis

Question 33

4 major risk factors of coronary artery disease

Answer 33

smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes

Question 34

most common s/sx of cad

Answer 34

chest pain, murmur, bradycardia

Question 35

drug of choice for cad

Answer 35

antilipemics (simvastatin)

Question 36

causes inflammation of the endocardium

Answer 36

rheumatic endocarditis

Question 37

most common cause of rheumatic endocarditis

Answer 37

URTI and pharyngitis

Question 38

first sign of rheumatic endocarditis

Answer 38

sore throat

Question 39

most common sign of rheumatic endocarditis

Answer 39

polyarthritis

Question 40

most important sign of rheumatic endocarditis

Answer 40

carditis (muffled heart, cardiomegaly)

Question 41

nursing dx for r.end

Answer 41

acute pain

Question 42

doc for r.end infection

Answer 42

penicillin

Question 43

inflammation in the inner layer of endocardium

Answer 43

infective endocarditis

Question 44

cause of infective endocarditis

Answer 44

s.viridans, s.aureus

Question 45

definitive dx of IE

Answer 45

blood culture

Question 46

main sign of IE

Answer 46

murmur (ie has febrile syndrome)

Question 47

major complication for IE

Answer 47

arterial embolization

Question 48

complication for IE that affectsleft and right side of heart

Answer 48

heart failure

Question 49

mainstay tx for IE

Answer 49

antibiotic

Question 50

medication of choice for IE

Answer 50

penicillin and amphotericin B

Question 51

inflammation of the myocardium

Answer 51

myocarditis

Question 52

confirmatory dx of myocarditis

Answer 52

ct scan

Question 53

most common cause of myocarditis

Answer 53

infection

Question 54

inflammation of the pericardium (outer layer)

Answer 54

pericarditis

Question 55

confirmatory dx for pericarditis

Answer 55

CT SCAN

Question 56

hallmark sign for pericarditis

Answer 56

pericardial friction rub

Question 57

priority ndx for px with pericarditis

Answer 57

acute pain

Question 58

hardening of the arteries caused by thickening of muscle fibers and endothelial lining of small arterial walls

Answer 58

arteriosclerosis

Question 59

strongest risk factors of arteriosclerosis

Answer 59

smoking

Question 60

marker if developing cad; sign of generalized atherosclerosis

Answer 60

intermittend claudication

Question 61

priority ndx for athero/arteriosclerosis

Answer 61

impaired circulation

Question 62

weakness, dilation, outpouching, damage, and distention of the tunica media of the artery in abdomen and thoracic

Answer 62

aneurysm

Question 63

standard and most accurate dx for aneurysm

Answer 63

ct scan

Question 64

most common cause for aneurysm

Answer 64

atherosclerosis

Question 65

visible abdominal pulsating bulge/mass in mid-upper abdomen (most important indication)

Answer 65

abdominal aortic aneurysm

Question 66

constant boring pain (most prominent), pain in supine position

Answer 66

thoracic aortic aneurysm

Question 67

standard tx for aneurysm

Answer 67

aneurysmectomy

Question 68

prio nursing dx for aneurysm

Answer 68

ineffective tissue perfusion

Question 69

doc for aneurysm

Answer 69

propanolol

Question 70

acute vascular occlusion caused by clot, embolus, thrombus

Answer 70

arterial embolism, thrombosis

Question 71

clinical signs of aneurysm

Answer 71

pain, pallor, pulselesness, paresthesia, paralysis, poikilothermia

Question 72

ndx for aneurysm

Answer 72

impaired circulation

Question 73

doc for aneurysm

Answer 73

embolectomy

Question 74

inflammation of arteries and vein of the hands and feet

Answer 74

Buerger's disease

Question 75

primary cause of buerger's disease

Answer 75

smoking

Question 76

first sign of buerger's disease

Answer 76

pain in palm and arch

Question 77

doc for buerger's disease

Answer 77

propanolol

Question 78

surgical removal of feet/hand

Answer 78

amputation

Question 79

surgical removal of toe/fingers

Answer 79

articulation

Question 80

ndx for buerger's disease

Answer 80

ineffective tissue perfusion

Question 81

intermittent painful/spasm/construction of arteries in finger and toes

Answer 81

raynaud's disease

Question 82

common cause of raynaud's disease

Answer 82

cold, stress, caffeine

Question 83

arterial insufficiency of extremities

Answer 83

peripheral arterial occlusive disease

Question 83

doc for raynaud's disease

Answer 83

calcium channel bloclers

Question 84

ndx for paod

Answer 84

impaired circulation

Question 85

medications for paod

Answer 85

pentoxyfilline (reduce blood viscosity) antiplatelet (prevent blood clot)

Question 86

blood clot formation due to virchow triad (endovascular damage, venous stasis, hypercoagulation)

Answer 86

deep vein thrombosis

Question 87

dvt na kulang yung tubig

Answer 87

hypercoagulation

Question 88

cause of dvt

Answer 88

prolong sit, prolonged standing, cross sit

Question 89

clinical sign of dvt

Answer 89

positive homans sign (pain during feet dorsiflexion)

Question 90

most serious complication for dvt

Answer 90

pulmonary embolism

Question 91

procedure of choice for dvt which removes thrombus in veins

Answer 91

venous thrombectomy

Question 92

limb swelling associated with bacterial infection

Answer 92

cellulitis

Question 93

common sign for cellulitis

Answer 93

swelling, localized redness

Question 94

common cause for cellulitis

Answer 94

ulceration, cracks, fissures, abrasion in legs

Question 95

dilated weak incompetent defective distending bulging protruded prominent visible tortuous veins in legs

Answer 95

varicose veins

Question 96

dx for varicose veins

Answer 96

duplex utz

Question 97

most common cause of varicose veins

Answer 97

prolong sitting, standing cross sitting

Question 98

most common clinical sign for varicose veins

Answer 98

heavy ache leg pain

Question 99

rocedure of choise for varicose veins

Answer 99

surgical ligation