Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

What is heart rate

Answer 1

Amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat (ml)

Question 2

What is stroke volume

Answer 2

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

Question 3

What is cardiac output

Answer 3

The number of heart contractions per minute (bpm)

Question 4

How do you calculate cardiac output

Answer 4

Heart rate x stroke volume

Question 5

How do you calculate maximum heart rate

Answer 5

220-age

Question 6

What is heart rates response to exercise

Answer 6

Continued action of proprioceptors/chemoreceptors
Increase as exercise intensity increases
Increase due to adrenaline acting on SA node
Optimal level where supply of O2 is equal to demand
Further increase/ decrease may occur due to change in workload
Removal of waste
Resting rate

Question 7

What determines stroke volume

Answer 7

Venous return
Starlings law

Question 8

What is starlings law

Answer 8

The greater the stretch on the walls of the heart, the greater the force of contraction
Heart walls are stretched by blood returning to heart during diastole phase

Question 9

Describe starlings law in relation to exercise

Answer 9

I’m exercise more blood is returned therefore more stretch to accommodate the blood so more force of contraction and more blood pumped out, and less blood is left behind at the end of systole, increasing ejection fraction

Question 10

How do you calculate ejection fraction

Answer 10

Stroke volume/ EDV (amount of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole.

Question 11

What is cardiovascular drift and what causes it

Answer 11

The slight increase in HR during prolonged exercise.
This is caused after ten mins by:
Sweating causing decrease in blood plasma/ blood becomes more viscous
Venous return decreases so sv decreases
HR increases to maintain cardiac output and cool body

Question 12

What are the training effects (ABICH)

Answer 12

Athletes heart
Bradycardia
Increased contractility
Capillaridation
Hypertrophy

Question 13

What is athletes heart

Answer 13

Increase in EDV during rest and exercise caused by repeated stretching of the chamber walls

Question 14

What’s is bradycardia

Answer 14

RHR of under 60bpm caused by athletes heart and hypertrophy

Question 15

What is Increased contractility

Answer 15

A more powerful systolic phase

Question 16

What is cappillarisation

Answer 16

Increase capillary growth within the heart

Question 17

What is hypertrophy

Answer 17

Cardiac muscle increases in size and strength

Question 18

Systole and diastole

Answer 18

Systole is heart muscle in contraction
Diastole is heart muscle in relaxation

Question 19

What happens during systole

Answer 19

1. The atria contract pushing remaining blood down into ventricles
2. Atrio ventricular valves close
3. Ventricles contract pushing blood through semi lunar valves

Question 20

What happens during diastole

Answer 20

1. The atria fill up
2. Rising pressure pushes open the av valves and the ventricles start to fill
3. Blood is kept in the heart by the semi lunar valves

Question 21

Conduction of the heart
Sally Anne always Buys Pickled Vegetables (memory tool)

Answer 21

SA node- sends out regular impulses across atria
AV node- receives, delays, then passes on the electrical impulses
Bundle of His- a large insulated nerve carries impulses to bundle branches
Bundle branches- carry impulse around apex of the heart
Purkinje fibres- nerve endings that release the impulse across the ventricles