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OTSEM: Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular Conditions > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the s/sx of heart dse (6)

A
  • Angina
  • Palpitations
  • Dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
  • Cardiac Syncope
  • Fatigue
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2
Q

other term for chest pain

A

Angina

c levine sign

referred pain: jaw, neck, upper trapz, shoulder, chest, radiating pain in L arm

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3
Q

heart is innervated by the spinal segment __ to ___

A

C3 to T4

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4
Q

Type of angina

aka Predictable angina

A

Chronic Stable Angina

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5
Q

Type of angina

secondary to physical exertion and emotional stress and usually responds to rest

A

Chronic Stable Angina

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6
Q

Type of angina

aka Progressive Angina, Pre-infarction Angina and Crescendo Angina

A

Unstable Angina

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7
Q

Type of angina

aka Progressive Angina, Pre-infarction Angina and Crescendo Angina

A

Unstable Angina

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8
Q

Medication for Angina

A

Nitrates

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9
Q

Nitrates
MOA:___
Maximum #: ___
Interval: ___
Mechanism of action: ___

A

MOA: Sublingual
Maximum #: 3
Interval: every 5 mins
Mechanism of action: for vasodilation

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10
Q

type of angina

aka Progressive Angina
Pre-infarction Angina
Cresendo Angina

A

Unstable angina

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11
Q

type of angina

Exertion caused by dreams and common in CHF

A

Nocturnal Angina

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12
Q

type of angina

aka Variant Angina
a coronary artery spasm

A

Prinzmetal Angina

only type of angina purely vasospasm

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13
Q

type of angina

aka Variant Angina
a coronary artery spasm

A

Prinzmetal Angina

only type of angina purely vasospasm

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14
Q

other term for Palpitations

A

Arrhythmias

Excessive heartbeat

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15
Q

shortness of breath

A

Dyspnea

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16
Q

bluish discoloration

A

Cyanosis

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17
Q

fainting

d/t walang lumalabas na O2 blood = (-) O2 sa brain

A

Cardiac Syncope

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18
Q

condition

other term for Coronary Artery Dse (CAD)

A

Ischemic Heart Dse

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19
Q

condition

secondary to atherosclerosis

A

CAD

Atherosclerosis = narrowing
Progressive =starts at early age

20
Q

Enumerate Modifiable Risk Factors of CAD

A
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Obesity
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Increase of BP
  • Increase in Cholesterol
21
Q

Enumerate non-Modifiable Risk Factors of CAD

A
  • Age (>65 yo)
  • Gender (M>F)
  • Race (African, Americans)
  • Family hx
22
Q

Protein that helps with blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen

  • Clotting factor number 1
    *inactive
    *start of clot formation = FIBRIN
23
Q

drugs use for
Increase in BP:
Increase in Cholesterol

A

BP:
Olol, beta blockers
dipin, calcium cahnnel blockers
Cholesterol:
Statin drugs

24
Q

other name for Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

Coronary occlusion

Coronary artery is blocked already

25
How to identify TRUE MI
ST segment elevated and increase of cardiac enzymes
26
other term for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Cardiac Decompensation | * (-) ventricles contract effectively *most serious complication
27
2 types of CHF
R-sided heart failure L-sided heart failure
28
# type of CHF Manifestation of R sided heart failure ## Footnote CPO, PE, A, Hm, JV, Cy
* Congestion in periphery and organs * Peripheral/ bipedal edema * Ascites * Hepatomegaly * Distention of jugular veins * Cyanosis ## Footnote *Ascites- fluid in abdomen *Hepatomegaly - enlargement of liver
29
Manifestation of L sided heart failure (7)
* Pulmonary edema * Cough * Dyspnea * Orthopnea * Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) * Cerebral hypoxia * Fatigue | L = Lungs ## Footnote *Orthopnea - difficulty breath in supine * PND - difficulty breath when sleeping * Cerebral Hypoxia - (-) O2 blood in brain
29
Manifestation of L sided heart failure (7)
* Pulmonary edema * Cough * Dyspnea * Orthopnea * Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) * Cerebral hypoxia * Fatigue | L = Lungs ## Footnote * Orthopnea - difficulty breath in supine * PND - difficulty breath when sleeping * Cerebral Hypoxia - (-) O2 blood in brain*
30
heart condition for children Hereditary Shunts are not closing Mother - (+) illness (e.g. german measles) * Enumerate all 4
Congenital Anomalies: * Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) * Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) * Coarctation of Aorta * Tetralogy of Fallo't (TOF)
31
A defect in the interatrial septum Shunting of blood from Left to Right atria Acyanosis
Atrial Septal Defect
32
Defect in the interventricular septum Shunting of blood from left to right ventricles Acyanosis
Ventricular Septal Defect
33
Constriction of proximal and distal aorta Increae in BP especially in the UE
Coarctation of Aorta ## Footnote *coarctation- some part of aorta is narrower than usual
34
defect that affects normal blood flow d/t heart not forming correctly + true blue baby | enumerate PARI
Tetralogy of Fallo't **P**ulmonary Artery Stenosis Overriding of **A**orta to (R) **R**ight ventricular hypertrophy (*Cor Pulmonale*) **I**nterventricular Septal Defect ## Footnote *Stenosis- narrowing
35
4 enzymes that increase when diagnosing MI Sgot, cpk, ckmb, ldh
* **SGOT: *Serum Gluthamic Oxalo-acetic transaminase*** (peak- during 24-48hrs) * **CPK: *Creatinine Phosphokinase*** (peak 24hrs) * **CK-MB: *Creatinine Kinase Myocardial Band*** (peak 12-24hrs) * **LDH: *Lactate Dehydrogenase*** (peak 3-6 days) ## Footnote 1st enzyme to rise during MI = CK-MB
36
# Diagnostic tool used to assess **size** of heart
Chest X-ray
37
# Diagnostic tool used to assess **movement** of walls and valves of heart
Echocardiogram
38
# Diagnostic tool used to check for **occlusion** in the heart
Cardiac Catherization ## Footnote * insert catheter via femoral artery (Inguinal area) * Inject dye (Cinefluoroscopy)
39
# Diagnostic tool used to measure **pressure** inside the heart aka Central line
Swan Ganz Catheter
40
# Surgical Intervention Insertion of ballooning tip catheter
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)
41
# Surgical Intervention - Wire pliable mesh is inserted - To keep the lumen of the blood vessel open and increase blood flow
Intravascular (IV) stent
42
# Surgical intervention Re-routes blood flow Open sternum and retracts blood flow ## Footnote Enumerate 4 blood vessels used
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) ## Footnote o **Great Saphenous V.** (most used) o IMA: Internal Mammary Artery o ITA: Internal Thoracic Artery o **Radial Artery** (least used)
43
# Cardiac Rehabilitation **GOAL** * Family education * To prevent deformities/ complication DISCHARGE MET: 5 mets
Acute Phase ## Footnote **in-patient**
44
# Cardiac Rehabilitation **Goal** * Promote strong scar formation * Activities: ____ and ___ DC Met: 9
Convalescent Phase Walking and Bicycling ## Footnote **Transitional phase**
45
# Cardiac Rehabilitation - Most vigorous phase List activities during this phase
Training * Stretching, Aerobics, Calisthenics, Plyometrics ## Footnote **Outpatient**
46
# Cardiac Rehabilitation Most important cardiac rehab
Maintenance

OTSEM: Cardiovascular System (2 decks)

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