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OTSEM: Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular Conditions > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the s/sx of heart dse (6)

A
  • Angina
  • Palpitations
  • Dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
  • Cardiac Syncope
  • Fatigue
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2
Q

other term for chest pain

A

Angina

c levine sign

referred pain: jaw, neck, upper trapz, shoulder, chest, radiating pain in L arm

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3
Q

heart is innervated by the spinal segment __ to ___

A

C3 to T4

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4
Q

Type of angina

aka Predictable angina

A

Chronic Stable Angina

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5
Q

Type of angina

secondary to physical exertion and emotional stress and usually responds to rest

A

Chronic Stable Angina

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6
Q

Type of angina

aka Progressive Angina, Pre-infarction Angina and Crescendo Angina

A

Unstable Angina

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7
Q

Type of angina

aka Progressive Angina, Pre-infarction Angina and Crescendo Angina

A

Unstable Angina

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8
Q

Medication for Angina

A

Nitrates

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9
Q

Nitrates
MOA:___
Maximum #: ___
Interval: ___
Mechanism of action: ___

A

MOA: Sublingual
Maximum #: 3
Interval: every 5 mins
Mechanism of action: for vasodilation

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10
Q

type of angina

aka Progressive Angina
Pre-infarction Angina
Cresendo Angina

A

Unstable angina

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11
Q

type of angina

Exertion caused by dreams and common in CHF

A

Nocturnal Angina

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12
Q

type of angina

aka Variant Angina
a coronary artery spasm

A

Prinzmetal Angina

only type of angina purely vasospasm

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13
Q

type of angina

aka Variant Angina
a coronary artery spasm

A

Prinzmetal Angina

only type of angina purely vasospasm

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14
Q

other term for Palpitations

A

Arrhythmias

Excessive heartbeat

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15
Q

shortness of breath

A

Dyspnea

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16
Q

bluish discoloration

A

Cyanosis

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17
Q

fainting

d/t walang lumalabas na O2 blood = (-) O2 sa brain

A

Cardiac Syncope

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18
Q

condition

other term for Coronary Artery Dse (CAD)

A

Ischemic Heart Dse

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19
Q

condition

secondary to atherosclerosis

A

CAD

Atherosclerosis = narrowing
Progressive =starts at early age

20
Q

Enumerate Modifiable Risk Factors of CAD

A
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Obesity
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Increase of BP
  • Increase in Cholesterol
21
Q

Enumerate non-Modifiable Risk Factors of CAD

A
  • Age (>65 yo)
  • Gender (M>F)
  • Race (African, Americans)
  • Family hx
22
Q

Protein that helps with blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen

  • Clotting factor number 1
    *inactive
    *start of clot formation = FIBRIN
23
Q

drugs use for
Increase in BP:
Increase in Cholesterol

A

BP:
Olol, beta blockers
dipin, calcium cahnnel blockers
Cholesterol:
Statin drugs

24
Q

other name for Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

Coronary occlusion

Coronary artery is blocked already

25
Q

How to identify TRUE MI

A

ST segment elevated and increase of cardiac enzymes

26
Q

other term for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

Cardiac Decompensation

* (-) ventricles contract effectively
*most serious complication

27
Q

2 types of CHF

A

R-sided heart failure
L-sided heart failure

28
Q

type of CHF

Manifestation of R sided heart failure

CPO, PE, A, Hm, JV, Cy

A
  • Congestion in periphery and organs
  • Peripheral/ bipedal edema
  • Ascites
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Distention of jugular veins
  • Cyanosis

*Ascites- fluid in abdomen
*Hepatomegaly - enlargement of liver

29
Q

Manifestation of L sided heart failure (7)

A
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Cough
  • Dyspnea
  • Orthopnea
  • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
  • Cerebral hypoxia
  • Fatigue

L = Lungs

*Orthopnea - difficulty breath in supine
* PND - difficulty breath when sleeping
* Cerebral Hypoxia - (-) O2 blood in brain

29
Q

Manifestation of L sided heart failure (7)

A
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Cough
  • Dyspnea
  • Orthopnea
  • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
  • Cerebral hypoxia
  • Fatigue

L = Lungs

  • Orthopnea - difficulty breath in supine
  • PND - difficulty breath when sleeping
  • Cerebral Hypoxia - (-) O2 blood in brain*
30
Q

heart condition for children
Hereditary
Shunts are not closing
Mother - (+) illness (e.g. german measles)
* Enumerate all 4

A

Congenital Anomalies:
* Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
* Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
* Coarctation of Aorta
* Tetralogy of Fallo’t (TOF)

31
Q

A defect in the interatrial septum
Shunting of blood from Left to Right atria
Acyanosis

A

Atrial Septal Defect

32
Q

Defect in the interventricular septum
Shunting of blood from left to right ventricles
Acyanosis

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

33
Q

Constriction of proximal and distal aorta
Increae in BP especially in the UE

A

Coarctation of Aorta

*coarctation- some part of aorta is narrower than usual

34
Q

defect that affects normal blood flow d/t heart not forming correctly
+ true blue baby

enumerate PARI

A

Tetralogy of Fallo’t
Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
Overriding of Aorta to (R)
Right ventricular hypertrophy (Cor Pulmonale)
Interventricular Septal Defect

*Stenosis- narrowing

35
Q

4 enzymes that increase when diagnosing MI
Sgot, cpk, ckmb, ldh

A
  • SGOT: Serum Gluthamic Oxalo-acetic transaminase (peak- during 24-48hrs)
  • CPK: Creatinine Phosphokinase (peak 24hrs)
  • CK-MB: Creatinine Kinase Myocardial Band (peak 12-24hrs)
  • LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase (peak 3-6 days)

1st enzyme to rise during MI = CK-MB

36
Q

Diagnostic tool

used to assess size of heart

A

Chest X-ray

37
Q

Diagnostic tool

used to assess movement of walls and valves of heart

A

Echocardiogram

38
Q

Diagnostic tool

used to check for occlusion in the heart

A

Cardiac Catherization

  • insert catheter via femoral artery (Inguinal area)
  • Inject dye (Cinefluoroscopy)
39
Q

Diagnostic tool

used to measure pressure inside the heart
aka Central line

A

Swan Ganz Catheter

40
Q

Surgical Intervention

Insertion of ballooning tip catheter

A

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

41
Q

Surgical Intervention

  • Wire pliable mesh is inserted
  • To keep the lumen of the blood vessel open and increase blood flow
A

Intravascular (IV) stent

42
Q

Surgical intervention

Re-routes blood flow
Open sternum and retracts blood flow

Enumerate 4 blood vessels used

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

o Great Saphenous V. (most used)
o IMA: Internal Mammary Artery
o ITA: Internal Thoracic Artery
o Radial Artery (least used)

43
Q

Cardiac Rehabilitation

GOAL
* Family education
* To prevent deformities/ complication

DISCHARGE MET: 5 mets

A

Acute Phase

in-patient

44
Q

Cardiac Rehabilitation

Goal
* Promote strong scar formation
* Activities: ____ and ___
DC Met: 9

A

Convalescent Phase
Walking and Bicycling

Transitional phase

45
Q

Cardiac Rehabilitation

  • Most vigorous phase
    List activities during this phase
A

Training
* Stretching, Aerobics, Calisthenics, Plyometrics

Outpatient

46
Q

Cardiac Rehabilitation

Most important cardiac rehab

A

Maintenance

OTSEM: Cardiovascular System (2 decks)

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