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OTSEM: Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the anatomy of the Heart

A
  • cone-shaped structure
  • inverted pyramid
  • small, roughly same size of closed fist
  • 2/3 mass points towards the LEFT
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2
Q

Rest:
Location:
of the heart

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Mediastinum

Central portion of thoracic cavity; a mass of tissue extend from sternum to vertebral column between 2 lungs

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3
Q

Bottom of the heart is the __
Upper part of the heart is the ___

A

Bottom: Apex
Upper: Base

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4
Q

Orientation of APEX of heart

A

Anteriorly
Inferiorly
Points to the left

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5
Q

Orientation of BASE of heart

A

Posteriorly
Superiorly
Points to the right

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6
Q

Lining of the heart

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

A fibrous, connective sac that encloses the heart and protects heart from trauma and infection

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

2 layers of the pericardium

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Serous
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9
Q

Outermost layer that prevents overstretching of heart and anchors heart to mediastinum

A

Fibrous

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10
Q

Innermost layer that is attached to the myocardium

A

Serous

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11
Q

Outermost layer of Serous pericardium that adheres tightly in the fibrous pericardium and prevents overstretching

A

Parietal serous pericardium

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12
Q

Also known as the “Epicardium” and adheres tightly in the heart

A

Visceral serous pericardium

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13
Q

a lubricant that decreases the friction in the heart. Located between the visceral and parietal SP

A

Pericardial fluid

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14
Q

Normal amount of pericardial fluid

A

50mL

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15
Q

Decrease in Pericardial fluid results to:

A

Decrease = PERICARDITIS
(+) Pericardial friction rub

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16
Q

Increase in PF results to:

A

Increase = (-) pain but prone to death d/t cardiac arrest
(+) Cardiac Tamponade

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17
Q

3 layers of the heart
(Superficial to Deep)

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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18
Q

Anterior Surface of the heart
(Sternocostal Surface)

A
  • Sternum
  • RA and RV
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19
Q

Posterior Surface of the heart
(Base Surface)

A
  • RA and LA
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20
Q

Forms the most ANTERIOR surface

A

Right Ventricle

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21
Q

Forms the most POSTERIOR surface

A

Left Atrium

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22
Q

Inferior surface of the heart
(Diaphragmatic Surface)

A
  • LV and RV

LV forms the apex of the heart

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23
Q

Receiving chambers of the heart; receives blood

A

LA and RA

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24
Q

Anterior wall of 2 atria that are rough d/t presence of the muscle___

A

Pectinate muscles

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25
Q

Divider between 2 atria
Oval depression - ____

A

Interatrial Septum
Fossa Ovalis

Foramen Ovale = opening of interatrial septum
Fossa Ovalis: remnant

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26
Q

Pumping chambers of the heart; pumps blood

A

RV and LV

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27
Q

Ridges of the cardiac muscle

A

Trabeculae carnae

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28
Q

Cone-shaped structure of the trabeculae carnae where chordae tendinae is attached

A

Papillary muscle

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29
Q

Divider of 2 ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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30
Q

Prevents backflow of blood

A

AV = Atrioventricular Valves
SL = Semilunar Valves

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31
Q

Inlet valves___ ;
Outlet valves ____

A

Inlet: AtrioVentricular
Outlet: SemiLunar

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32
Q

What are the AtrioVentricular Valves (AV)

A

Tricuspid valve (RA - RV)
Bicuspid valve/ Mitral valve
(LA - LV)

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33
Q

Prevents backflow from
lungs to RV

A

Pulmonary/ Pulmonic Valve

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34
Q

Prevents backflow from the aorta to LV

A

Aortic valve

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35
Q

List blood vessels in order where RBC will pass from systemic veins to systemic arteries

A

IVC- Pulmonary Artery - Pulmonary vein - Aorta

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36
Q

Correct route of blood through the heart from the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation and back to the systemic circulation

A

RA - TV - RV - P SLV - LA - BV/MV - LV - A SLV

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37
Q

Number of Heart Sounds

A

4

S1-S2 = Audible (stethoscope)
S3-S4 = Audible (phonocardiogram)

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38
Q

Define Heart Sound S1

A
  • “Lubb”
  • Lower, lower and louder
  • Closure of AV valves
39
Q

Define Heart Sound S2

A
  • “Dubb”
  • Shorter, softer
  • Closure of SL valves
40
Q

Which heart sound is described if there is rapid filling of the ventricles.
(+) Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

S3

41
Q

Pathological heart sound of S3

A

Ventricular Gallop

42
Q

Pathological heart sound of S4

A

Atrial Gallop

43
Q

Myocardial infarction is represented by a pathologic heart sound of ___

A

S4

44
Q

What are the 2 great controlling center of the heart

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  2. Conducting System
45
Q

Identify if Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:
Increased contraction

A

Sympathetic

46
Q

Identify if Sympathetic or Parasympathetic:
Decreased contracton

A

Parasympathetic

47
Q

Provides electricity to the heart

A

Conducting system

48
Q

Normal spread of excitation of the heart in order:
Choices: SA node, Purkinje fibers, Bundle of His, AV node

A
  1. SA Node
  2. AV Node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Purkinje Fibers
49
Q

Define Sinoatrial Node or SA Node

A
  • aka Sinus Node
  • Primary pacemaker of heart
  • Initiate DEpolarization
  • Located: Right Atrium
50
Q

Define Atrioventricular Node

A
  • aka Junctional Node
  • Located behind the TV
  • It is the most common site for heart block
51
Q

Location of Bundle of His

A

Interventricular septum

52
Q

Considered as the largest pacemaker

A

Purkinje fibers

53
Q

Location and purpose of Purkinje fibers

A

surrounds the 2 ventricles to pump/ contract

54
Q

It is resposible for the blood supply in the heart

A

Coronary Artery

55
Q

It will supply blood:
* Right atrium
* Right ventricle (majority)
* Left ventricle (minor)
* SA node

A

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

56
Q

It will supply blood:
* Left atrium
* Left ventricle (Majority)
* Right ventricle (minor)

A

Left Coronary Artery (LCA)

57
Q

What are the 2 branches of LCA

A
  1. Left Anterior Descending Artery (LADA)
  2. Circumflex Artery
58
Q

Most common artery occluded d/t its large size

A

LCA

59
Q

MC affected if there is RCA blockage

A

SA Node

60
Q

What is the normal resting membrane potential?

A

-85mv

61
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Depolarization

A

Phase 0

62
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Plateau

A

Phase 2

63
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Initial Repolarization

A

Phase 1

64
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Repolarization

A

Phase 3

65
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Inward current of Na+

A

Phase 0

Na+ Influx

66
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Decrease influx of Na+
Outward current of K+ (potassium)

A

Phase 1

K+ efflux

67
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Decrease influx of Ca2+
Outward current of K+ (potassium)

A

Phase 3

K+ efflux

68
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Maintained depolarization
Inward current of Ca2+ (calcium)

A

Phase 2

Ca2+ influx

69
Q

Identify what phase is mentioned:
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

Phase 4

70
Q

Systole or Diastole?
Ventricular CONTRACTION

A

Systole

71
Q

Systole or Diastole?
Ventricular RELAXATION

A

Diastole

72
Q

Enumerate the correct arangement of cardiac cycle
A. Period of rapid filling of ventricles
B. Period of ejection
C. Period of isovolumic contraction
D. Period of Isovoumic relaxation

A

A, C, B, D

73
Q

75% of the blood from Atria to Ventricles (this is done passively)

A

First 3rd of Diastole

74
Q

The remaining 25% of the blood from Atria to the Ventricles

A

Last 3rd of Diastole

75
Q

continuous blood flow fro atria to ventricles

A

Middle 3rd of Diastole

76
Q

Period wherein blood is in the ventricles,
there is increase in Ventricular pressure

A

Period of Isovolumic Contraction

77
Q

Pressure of RV and LV during period of ejection to open the SL valves

A

RV: exceed 8mmHg (DO2)
LV: exceed 80mmHg (O2)

78
Q

period where ventricles give 70% blood to pulmonary artery and aorta

A

First 3rd of ejection

79
Q

Period where ventricles give 30% of blood to the pulmonary artery and aorta

A

Last two-third of ejection

in this period, SL valves open and AV valves close

80
Q

period where blood is in the blood vessels (pulmonary artery and aorta);
there is decrease in Ventricular pressure

A

Period of isovolumic relacation

81
Q

Considered as the highest arterial pressure and its mmHG

A

Systolic; 120mmHg

82
Q

Lowest arterial pressure and its mmHg

A

Diastolic; 80mmHg

83
Q

the difference between systolic BP and Diastolic BP and its mmHg

A

Pulse pressure; 40mmHg

SBP - DBP (120-80 = 40)

84
Q

The amount of blood left after the diastole

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
120mL

85
Q

the amount of blood left after the systole

A

End systolic volume (ESV)
50mL

86
Q

amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per contraction

A

Stroke volume

87
Q

Formula of stroke volume (SV)

A

EDV-ESV = SV
120-50 = 70mL

88
Q

amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute

A

Cardiac output (CO)
4-6L of blood

89
Q

formula of Cardiac output (CO)

A

SV x HR = CO

90
Q

Normal HR is
means that HR is lower than normal
means that HR is higher than normal

A

60-100 bpm
Bradycardia (lower)
Tachycardia (higher)

91
Q

part of ECG:
Atrial depolarization from (negative to positive)
(+) atrial contraction

A

P-wave

P-wave = pacemaker

92
Q

part of ECG:
Ventricular contraction (negative to positive)

A

QRS Complexes

93
Q

part of ECG:
Ventricular repolarization (positive to negative)
(+) resting ventricles

A

T-wave

OTSEM: Cardiovascular System (2 decks)

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