Cardiovascular Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards by Krista Abbygaile Nulud

Explain the anatomy of the Heart

cone-shaped structure
inverted pyramid
small, roughly same size of closed fist
2/3 mass points towards the LEFT

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Rest:
Location:
of the heart

Diaphragm
Mediastinum

Central portion of thoracic cavity; a mass of tissue extend from sternum to vertebral column between 2 lungs

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Bottom of the heart is the __
Upper part of the heart is the ___

Bottom: Apex
Upper: Base

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Orientation of APEX of heart

Anteriorly
Inferiorly
Points to the left

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Orientation of BASE of heart

Posteriorly
Superiorly
Points to the right

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Lining of the heart

Pericardium

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A fibrous, connective sac that encloses the heart and protects heart from trauma and infection

Pericardium

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2 layers of the pericardium

Fibrous
Serous

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Outermost layer that prevents overstretching of heart and anchors heart to mediastinum

Fibrous

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Innermost layer that is attached to the myocardium

Serous

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Outermost layer of Serous pericardium that adheres tightly in the fibrous pericardium and prevents overstretching

Parietal serous pericardium

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Also known as the “Epicardium” and adheres tightly in the heart

Visceral serous pericardium

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a lubricant that decreases the friction in the heart. Located between the visceral and parietal SP

Pericardial fluid

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Normal amount of pericardial fluid

50mL

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Decrease in Pericardial fluid results to:

Decrease = PERICARDITIS
(+) Pericardial friction rub

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Increase in PF results to:

Increase = (-) pain but prone to death d/t cardiac arrest
(+) Cardiac Tamponade

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3 layers of the heart
(Superficial to Deep)

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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Anterior Surface of the heart
(Sternocostal Surface)

Sternum
RA and RV

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Posterior Surface of the heart
(Base Surface)

RA and LA

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Forms the most ANTERIOR surface

Right Ventricle

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Forms the most POSTERIOR surface

Left Atrium

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Inferior surface of the heart
(Diaphragmatic Surface)

LV and RV

LV forms the apex of the heart

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Receiving chambers of the heart; receives blood

LA and RA

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Anterior wall of 2 atria that are rough d/t presence of the muscle___

Pectinate muscles

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Divider between 2 atria Oval depression - ____

Interatrial Septum Fossa Ovalis | Foramen Ovale = opening of interatrial septum Fossa Ovalis: remnant

Pumping chambers of the heart; pumps blood

RV and LV

Ridges of the cardiac muscle

Trabeculae carnae

Cone-shaped structure of the trabeculae carnae where chordae tendinae is attached

Papillary muscle

Divider of 2 ventricles

Interventricular septum

Prevents backflow of blood

AV = Atrioventricular Valves SL = Semilunar Valves

Inlet valves___ ; Outlet valves ____

Inlet: AtrioVentricular Outlet: SemiLunar

What are the AtrioVentricular Valves (AV)

Tricuspid valve (RA - RV) Bicuspid valve/ Mitral valve (LA - LV)

Prevents backflow from lungs to RV

Pulmonary/ Pulmonic Valve

Prevents backflow from the aorta to LV

Aortic valve

List blood vessels in order where RBC will pass from systemic veins to systemic arteries

IVC- Pulmonary Artery - Pulmonary vein - Aorta

Correct route of blood through the heart from the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation and back to the systemic circulation

RA - TV - RV - P SLV - LA - BV/MV - LV - A SLV

Number of Heart Sounds

4 | S1-S2 = Audible (stethoscope) S3-S4 = Audible (phonocardiogram)

Define Heart Sound S1

* "Lubb" * Lower, lower and louder * Closure of AV valves

Define Heart Sound S2

* "Dubb" * Shorter, softer * Closure of SL valves

Which heart sound is described if there is rapid filling of the ventricles. (+) Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Pathological heart sound of S3

Ventricular Gallop

Pathological heart sound of S4

Atrial Gallop

Myocardial infarction is represented by a pathologic heart sound of ___

What are the 2 great controlling center of the heart

1. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 2. Conducting System

Identify if Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: Increased contraction

Sympathetic

Identify if Sympathetic or Parasympathetic: Decreased contracton

Parasympathetic

Provides electricity to the heart

Conducting system

Normal spread of excitation of the heart in order: Choices: SA node, Purkinje fibers, Bundle of His, AV node

1. SA Node 2. AV Node 3. Bundle of His 4. Purkinje Fibers

Define Sinoatrial Node or SA Node

* aka Sinus Node * Primary pacemaker of heart * Initiate DEpolarization * Located: Right Atrium

Define Atrioventricular Node

* aka Junctional Node * Located behind the TV * It is the most common site for heart block

Location of Bundle of His

Interventricular septum

Considered as the largest pacemaker

Purkinje fibers

Location and purpose of Purkinje fibers

surrounds the 2 ventricles to pump/ contract

It is resposible for the blood supply in the heart

Coronary Artery

It will supply blood: * Right atrium * Right ventricle (majority) * Left ventricle (minor) * SA node

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

It will supply blood: * Left atrium * Left ventricle (Majority) * Right ventricle (minor)

Left Coronary Artery (LCA)

What are the 2 branches of LCA

1. Left Anterior Descending Artery (LADA) 2. Circumflex Artery

Most common artery occluded d/t its large size

LCA

MC affected if there is RCA blockage

SA Node

What is the normal resting membrane potential?

-85mv

Identify what phase is mentioned: Depolarization

Phase 0

Identify what phase is mentioned: Plateau

Phase 2

Identify what phase is mentioned: Initial Repolarization

Phase 1

Identify what phase is mentioned: Repolarization

Phase 3

Identify what phase is mentioned: Inward current of Na+

Phase 0 | Na+ Influx

Identify what phase is mentioned: Decrease influx of Na+ Outward current of K+ (potassium)

Phase 1 | K+ efflux

Identify what phase is mentioned: Decrease influx of Ca2+ Outward current of K+ (potassium)

Phase 3 | K+ efflux

Identify what phase is mentioned: Maintained depolarization Inward current of Ca2+ (calcium)

Phase 2 | Ca2+ influx

Identify what phase is mentioned: Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

Phase 4

Systole or Diastole? Ventricular CONTRACTION

Systole

Systole or Diastole? Ventricular RELAXATION

Diastole

Enumerate the correct arangement of cardiac cycle A. Period of rapid filling of ventricles B. Period of ejection C. Period of isovolumic **contraction** D. Period of Isovoumic **relaxation**

A, C, B, D

75% of the blood from Atria to Ventricles (this is done passively)

First 3rd of Diastole

The remaining 25% of the blood from Atria to the Ventricles

Last 3rd of Diastole

continuous blood flow fro atria to ventricles

Middle 3rd of Diastole

Period wherein blood is in the ventricles, there is **increase** in Ventricular pressure

Period of Isovolumic Contraction

Pressure of RV and LV during period of ejection to open the SL valves

RV: exceed 8mmHg (DO2) LV: exceed 80mmHg (O2)

period where ventricles give 70% blood to pulmonary artery and aorta

First 3rd of ejection

Period where ventricles give 30% of blood to the pulmonary artery and aorta

Last two-third of ejection ## Footnote in this period, SL valves open and AV valves close

period where blood is in the blood vessels (pulmonary artery and aorta); there is decrease in Ventricular pressure

Period of isovolumic relacation

Considered as the highest arterial pressure and its mmHG

Systolic; 120mmHg

Lowest arterial pressure and its mmHg

Diastolic; 80mmHg

the difference between systolic BP and Diastolic BP and its mmHg

Pulse pressure; 40mmHg | SBP - DBP (120-80 = 40)

The amount of blood left after the diastole

End Diastolic Volume (EDV) 120mL

the amount of blood left after the systole

End systolic volume (ESV) 50mL

amount of blood pumped by the ventricles **per contraction**

Stroke volume

Formula of stroke volume (SV)

EDV-ESV = SV 120-50 = 70mL

amount of blood pumped by the ventricles **per minute**

Cardiac output (CO) 4-6L of blood

formula of Cardiac output (CO)

SV x HR = CO

Normal HR is means that HR is lower than normal means that HR is higher than normal

60-100 bpm Bradycardia (lower) Tachycardia (higher)

part of ECG: Atrial depolarization from (negative to positive) (+) atrial contraction

P-wave | P-wave = pacemaker

part of ECG: Ventricular contraction (negative to positive)

QRS Complexes

part of ECG: Ventricular repolarization (positive to negative) (+) resting ventricles

T-wave