Cardiovascular and VO2 Max In Children

Question 1

Brake: Activity of the left and right cardiac vagus nerves decreases what?

Answer 1

Heart rate

Question 2

Accelerator: Activity of the right sympathetic nerves increases what?

Answer 2

Heart rate

Question 3

Reducing the brake?

Answer 3

Speeds the heart

Question 4

Reducing the accelerator?

Answer 4

slows the heart

Question 5

Heart rate is increased by?

Answer 5

decreasing parasympathetic activity (vagal withdrawal) and increasing sympathetic vagal activity

Question 6

At low heart rates (<100BPM)…

Answer 6

Heart rate is varied by altering vagal activity

Question 7

Beyond 100BPM heart rate is controlled by

Answer 7

adjusting sympathetic activity

Question 8

Body surface area (BSA) relates to two size dependent cardiac variables?

Answer 8

Stroke volume and cardiac output

Question 9

Resting metabolic rate is often linked with?

Answer 9

body heat loss

Question 10

According to dimensions theory, heart mass or volume should relate to BSA by?

Answer 10

Exponent 1.5

Question 11

As children grow, resting cardiac output progressively…

Answer 11

Decreases relative to body mass

Question 12

Stroke volume increases in direct proportion to?

Answer 12

Body mass

Question 13

During rest, the heart rate is?

Answer 13

inversely related to mass and age in children (decreases as they get bigger and older)

Question 14

During maximal exercise, their maximal heart rate is?

Answer 14

Independent of body size between ages of 6 and 16 years

Question 15

Is heart rate recovery in children slower or faster than adults?

Answer 15

Faster

Question 16

Gender differences may be explained by?

Answer 16

Lower haemoglobin levels in girls

Question 17

Heart rate recovery might be related to?

Answer 17

Lower acidic levels, quicker post-exercise removal of metabolites

Question 18

How much is stroke volume attenuated in children?

Answer 18

Nearly double the stroke volume in from rest to maximal exercise.

Question 19

Cardiac output in children compared to adults is?

Answer 19

Lower (although, rate of increase is similar)

Question 20

How is lower cardiac output compensated by?

Answer 20

Having a higher Arteriovenous oxygen tension difference

Question 21

What is the Fick equation and O2 uptake concept?

Answer 21

That arterial flow of oxygen (first term) venous flow of oxygen (second term) flow of oxygen leaving or entering the circulation

Question 22

Heart rate and total peripheral resistance is … in children

Answer 22

Higher

Question 23

Stroke volume in children is often?

Answer 23

Lower

Question 24

Children, for a given muscle mass, have higher cardiac output and lower total peripheral resistance at a given VO2, what does this indicate?

Answer 24

Higher muscle blood flow.

Question 25

The inconsistency between lower cardiac output and a higher muscle blood flow can be explained by?

Answer 25

Having a smaller absolute amount of muscle mass performing exercise

Question 26

What are the effects of smaller absolute muscle mass?

Answer 26

When performing an ‘X’ amount of work, would be stressed to a greater extent. Generating more metabolic by-products and heat per unit of muscle.

Question 27

What is the results of small absolute muscle mass?

Answer 27

There are 3 (too long)

Question 28

Between the ages of 6 and 12, a boys VO2max more than doubles from what?

Answer 28

1.2L/min to 2.7L/min

Question 29

During puberty, VO2max rise ____ in males and ____ in females?

Answer 29

Accelerates, Plateus

Question 30

Ontogenetic improvements in VO2max can be determined by two factors

Answer 30

Increases in size of exercising tissue (skeletal muscle), and changes in functional capacity of its energy systems (aerobic enzyme capacity)

Question 31

As children grow, maximal rate of cellular aerobic metabolism becomes?

Answer 31

Relatively slow

Question 32

three factors that influence left ventricular size

Answer 32

Blood volume, heart rate (vagal tone) and hormonal effect on the heart