Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

paper 1 mock nov. 2022 > Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of heart rate

A

the number of beats per minute (HR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the average heart rate

A

72bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do you calculate a persons maximum heart rate

A

220-age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is bradycardia

A

a resting heart lower than 60bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the definition of stroke volume

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heart beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the average stroke volume at rest

A

70ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the definition of cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in 1 minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

cardiac output (Q)= stroke volume (SV) X heart rate (HR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is systole

A

the contraction of cardiac muscle that pumps blood out of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is diastole

A

the relaxation of cardiac muscle that allows blood to fill the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, ventricular diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the cardiac conductions system

A

-the sinoatrial node sends an electrical impulse across the atria
-this causes atrial systole
-impulse then travels the the AV node which sends the impulse to the bundle of His.
-impulses are then sent down the purkinje fibres
-a new impulse causes ventricular systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the shape of a graph showing the relationship between heart rate and rest, exercise and recovery at submaximal exercise

A
  • there is an anticipatory rise due to the release of adrenalin
    -and a sharp rise as exercise starts due to anaerobic work
    -there is a plateau as the oxygen supply meets the demand
    -and then a sharp, rapid decline when exercise stops
  • the recovery slows as the body returns to pre-exercise state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the shape of a graph showing the relationship between heart rate and rest, exercise and recovery during maximal exercise

A
  • there is an anticipatory rise due to the release of adrenalin
  • and then a sharp ride due to anaerobic work at the start of exercise
  • heart rate continues to rise due to the maximal workloads stressing the anaerobic system
  • then there is a rapid decline as energy stops
  • and a much slower recovery to return to the pre-exercise state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does stroke volume respond to exercise

A

stroke volume will increase linearly as intensity increases but only up to 40-60% of max speed and intensity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does exercise effect cardiac output

A

Q increases linearly with exercise and plateaus during maximal exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the job of the sympathetic nervous system

A

to stimulate the heart to beat faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the job of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

to decrease heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe how the sympathetic nervous system control heart rate during exercise

A
  • chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 levels, proprioceptors detect an increase in movement and baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure
  • this information gets sent to the cardiac control centre
  • this increases the impulse to the sympathetic nervous system
  • which increases the firing of the SA node via the sympathetic accelerator nerve to increase heart rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe how the parasympathetic nervous system controls heart rate during recovery

A
  • chemoreceptors detect a decrease in CO2, proprioceptors detect a decrease in movement and baroreceptors detect a decrease in blood pressure
  • this information is sent to the cardiac control centre
  • where the impulses sent to the parasympathetic nervous system are increased
  • this decreases the firing of the SA node via the parasympathetic vagus nerve to decrease heart rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does hormonal control during exercise effect heart rate

A

HR increases due to the release of adrenalin via the sympathetic accelerator nerve known as anticipatory rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does hormonal control during recovery effect heart rate

A

when the parasympathetic vagus nerve is stimulated it causes the inhibition of adrenalin to decrease heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are arterioles

A

blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillary beds which can vasodilate and vasoconstrict to regulate blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are pre-capillary sphincters

A

rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries which can dilate and constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the vascular shunt mechanism
the redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles
26
at rest what is the distribution of blood
80-85% of cardiac output is sent to internal organs 15-20% of cardiac output is sent to the muscles
27
during exercise how is cardiac output distributed
85% of Q to muscles 15% of Q to internal organs
28
describe the vascular shunt mechanisms during exercise
- chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 and baroreceptors detect an increased stretch of vessel walls - this information is sent to the vasomotor control centre - this results in the sympathetic stimulating decreasing meaning there is vasodilation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters dilate - this increases blood flow to the muscle cells -the sympathetic stimulation is increased to vasoconstrict arterioles and the pre-capillary sphincters - this decreases blood flow to the non-essential organs.
29
describe the vascular shunt mechanisms during recovery
- chemoreceptors detect an decrease in CO2 and baroreceptors detect an decreased stretch of vessel walls - this information is sent to the vasomotor control centre - this results in the sympathetic stimulating decreasing meaning there is vasodilation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters dilate - this increases blood flow to the non-essential organs -the sympathetic stimulation is increased to vasoconstrict arterioles and the pre-capillary sphincters - this decreases blood flow to the muscle cells
30
what is the definition of venous return
the volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins
31
what is blood pooling
accumulation of blood in veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return
32
what is active recovery
low intensity activity post- exercise to maintain an elevated heart and breathing rates
33
what are the 5 venous return mechanisms
pocket valves, muscle pump, respiratory pump, smooth muscle of the veins, gravity
34
what are pocket valves
one way valves in veins that prevent the backflow of blood
35
what is skeletal muscle pump
veins between skeletal muscle, which when contracting push blood back towards the heart
36
what is respiratory pump
during exercise, breathing is deeper, increasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity, squeezing the large veins in that area, forcing blood back to the heart
37
what is smooth muscle of the vains
venoconstriction and venodilation of the smooth muscle in the middle layer of the vein pushes blood back towards the heart
38
what does gravity do
blood from the upper body is aided by gravity, so flows back to the heart quicker
39
what is tidal volume
the volume of air breathed in or out per breath
40
what is minute ventilation
the volume of air breathed in or out per minute
41
how do you calculate minute ventilation
minute ventilation= breathing frequency X tidal volume
42
what is the resting value of breathing frequency
12-15 bpm
43
what is the resting value for tidal volume
500ml `
44
what is the resting value for minute ventillation
6-7.5 l/min
45
what is inspiration
when the pressure in the lungs is lower than the atmosphere
46
what is oxygen
an essential gas required for aerobic energy production in muscles
47
what is carbon dioxide
the waste product if aerobic energy production
48
what is expiration
pressure in the lungs is higher than in the atmosphere
49
describe the effect of different intensities of exercise of breathing frequency
the higher the intensity the more breaths you take until the max of 50-60 bpm submaximal exercise is steady state where the supply of oxygen meets the demand
50
describe the effect of different intensities of exercise on tidal volume
tidal volume initially increases in proportion to exercise intensity at submax intensities up to approximately 3 litres. at submax exercise, tidal volume reaches a plateau
51
describe the graph showing the relationship between minute ventilation and rest, exercise and recovery during submax
- the starting Ve is approx 10 L/min - anticipatory rise due to the release of adrenaline - rapid rise to 60-120 L/min - plateau at 60-120 L/min - rapid decrease at the end of exercise slower decrease during recovery to return to resting Ve
52
describe the graph showing the relationship between minute ventilation and rest, exercise and recovery during maximal exercise
- starting Ve approx 10l/min - anticipatory rise due to release of adrenaline - rapid rise to 80-140l/min - there is a continued rise towards maximal values due to continued stimulation of chemoreceptors from the lactic acid 120-180l/min - rapid decrease at the end of exercise - much slower decrease towards resting Ve value. Elevated level of respiration to recover and remove waste products
53
describe the mechanics of breathing for inspiration during exercise
- the external intercostals contract and the diaphragm flattens as well as the sternocleiodomastoid and pectoralis major contract - causing the ribs and sternum to move up and out further - which further increases the thoracic cavity volume - which means the lung pressure decreases further
54
describe the mechanics of breathing for expiration during exercise
- the external intercostals relax and the diaphragm recoils and the abdoinals and internal intercostals contract - meaning the ribs and sternum moves down and in further - decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity further - increasing the pressure of the lungs further
55
what is the job of the respiratory control centre
to receive information from the sensory nerve and send impulses to the IC or EC
56
what is the IC
the inspiratory centre stimulated the inspiratory muscles to contract and rest during exercise
57
what is the EC
the expiratory centre is inactive at rest but will stimulate additional respiratory muscles to contract during exercise
58
describe neural control of breathing during exercise of different intensities
-thermorecpetors detect an increase in temperature, - proprioceptors detect an increase in movement, - baroreceptors prevent over inflation of the lungs during exercise by sending impulses to the expiratory centre
59
describe chemical control of breathing during exercise of different intensities
- chemoreceptors located in the aorta and ceratoid arteries detect an increase in blood CO2 and acidity
60
what is the definition of diffusion
the movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or PP to an area of lower concentration pf PP
61
what is the definition of a diffusion gradient
when the is a difference in partial pressure
62
what is the definition of partial pressure
the pressure a gas exerts in a mixture of other gases.
63
what is millimetres of mercury(mmHg)
a unit for measuring atmospheric pressure
64
what gasses exchange during external respiration and where
exchange of 02 and CO2 between blood and lungs
65
describe the exchange of gasses and where during internal respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and muslces
66
during external respiration which direction does does oxygen diffuse at rest
highPP02 in alveolar air ---> lowPP02 in capillary blood
67
during external inspiration which way does oxygen diffuse during exercise
high PPO2 in the alveolar air ------> lower PPO2 in capillary blood

paper 1 mock nov. 2022 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions