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paper 1 mock nov. 2022 > Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of heart rate

A

the number of beats per minute (HR)

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2
Q

what is the average heart rate

A

72bpm

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3
Q

how do you calculate a persons maximum heart rate

A

220-age

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4
Q

what is bradycardia

A

a resting heart lower than 60bpm

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5
Q

what is the definition of stroke volume

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heart beat

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6
Q

what is the average stroke volume at rest

A

70ml

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7
Q

what is the definition of cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in 1 minute

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8
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

cardiac output (Q)= stroke volume (SV) X heart rate (HR)

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9
Q

what is systole

A

the contraction of cardiac muscle that pumps blood out of the heart

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10
Q

what is diastole

A

the relaxation of cardiac muscle that allows blood to fill the heart

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11
Q

describe the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, ventricular diastole

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12
Q

describe the cardiac conductions system

A

-the sinoatrial node sends an electrical impulse across the atria
-this causes atrial systole
-impulse then travels the the AV node which sends the impulse to the bundle of His.
-impulses are then sent down the purkinje fibres
-a new impulse causes ventricular systole

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13
Q

describe the shape of a graph showing the relationship between heart rate and rest, exercise and recovery at submaximal exercise

A
  • there is an anticipatory rise due to the release of adrenalin
    -and a sharp rise as exercise starts due to anaerobic work
    -there is a plateau as the oxygen supply meets the demand
    -and then a sharp, rapid decline when exercise stops
  • the recovery slows as the body returns to pre-exercise state
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14
Q

describe the shape of a graph showing the relationship between heart rate and rest, exercise and recovery during maximal exercise

A
  • there is an anticipatory rise due to the release of adrenalin
  • and then a sharp ride due to anaerobic work at the start of exercise
  • heart rate continues to rise due to the maximal workloads stressing the anaerobic system
  • then there is a rapid decline as energy stops
  • and a much slower recovery to return to the pre-exercise state
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15
Q

how does stroke volume respond to exercise

A

stroke volume will increase linearly as intensity increases but only up to 40-60% of max speed and intensity.

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16
Q

how does exercise effect cardiac output

A

Q increases linearly with exercise and plateaus during maximal exercise

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17
Q

what is the job of the sympathetic nervous system

A

to stimulate the heart to beat faster

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18
Q

what is the job of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

to decrease heart rate

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19
Q

describe how the sympathetic nervous system control heart rate during exercise

A
  • chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 levels, proprioceptors detect an increase in movement and baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure
  • this information gets sent to the cardiac control centre
  • this increases the impulse to the sympathetic nervous system
  • which increases the firing of the SA node via the sympathetic accelerator nerve to increase heart rate
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20
Q

describe how the parasympathetic nervous system controls heart rate during recovery

A
  • chemoreceptors detect a decrease in CO2, proprioceptors detect a decrease in movement and baroreceptors detect a decrease in blood pressure
  • this information is sent to the cardiac control centre
  • where the impulses sent to the parasympathetic nervous system are increased
  • this decreases the firing of the SA node via the parasympathetic vagus nerve to decrease heart rate
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21
Q

how does hormonal control during exercise effect heart rate

A

HR increases due to the release of adrenalin via the sympathetic accelerator nerve known as anticipatory rise

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22
Q

how does hormonal control during recovery effect heart rate

A

when the parasympathetic vagus nerve is stimulated it causes the inhibition of adrenalin to decrease heart rate

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23
Q

what are arterioles

A

blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillary beds which can vasodilate and vasoconstrict to regulate blood flow

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24
Q

what are pre-capillary sphincters

A

rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries which can dilate and constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed

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25
Q

what is the vascular shunt mechanism

A

the redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles

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26
Q

at rest what is the distribution of blood

A

80-85% of cardiac output is sent to internal organs
15-20% of cardiac output is sent to the muscles

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27
Q

during exercise how is cardiac output distributed

A

85% of Q to muscles
15% of Q to internal organs

28
Q

describe the vascular shunt mechanisms during exercise

A
  • chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 and baroreceptors detect an increased stretch of vessel walls
  • this information is sent to the vasomotor control centre
  • this results in the sympathetic stimulating decreasing meaning there is vasodilation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters dilate
  • this increases blood flow to the muscle cells
    -the sympathetic stimulation is increased to vasoconstrict arterioles and the pre-capillary sphincters
  • this decreases blood flow to the non-essential organs.
29
Q

describe the vascular shunt mechanisms during recovery

A
  • chemoreceptors detect an decrease in CO2 and baroreceptors detect an decreased stretch of vessel walls
  • this information is sent to the vasomotor control centre
  • this results in the sympathetic stimulating decreasing meaning there is vasodilation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters dilate
  • this increases blood flow to the non-essential organs
    -the sympathetic stimulation is increased to vasoconstrict arterioles and the pre-capillary sphincters
  • this decreases blood flow to the muscle cells
30
Q

what is the definition of venous return

A

the volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins

31
Q

what is blood pooling

A

accumulation of blood in veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return

32
Q

what is active recovery

A

low intensity activity post- exercise to maintain an elevated heart and breathing rates

33
Q

what are the 5 venous return mechanisms

A

pocket valves, muscle pump, respiratory pump, smooth muscle of the veins, gravity

34
Q

what are pocket valves

A

one way valves in veins that prevent the backflow of blood

35
Q

what is skeletal muscle pump

A

veins between skeletal muscle, which when contracting push blood back towards the heart

36
Q

what is respiratory pump

A

during exercise, breathing is deeper, increasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity, squeezing the large veins in that area, forcing blood back to the heart

37
Q

what is smooth muscle of the vains

A

venoconstriction and venodilation of the smooth muscle in the middle layer of the vein pushes blood back towards the heart

38
Q

what does gravity do

A

blood from the upper body is aided by gravity, so flows back to the heart quicker

39
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the volume of air breathed in or out per breath

40
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

the volume of air breathed in or out per minute

41
Q

how do you calculate minute ventilation

A

minute ventilation= breathing frequency X tidal volume

42
Q

what is the resting value of breathing frequency

A

12-15 bpm

43
Q

what is the resting value for tidal volume

A

500ml `

44
Q

what is the resting value for minute ventillation

A

6-7.5 l/min

45
Q

what is inspiration

A

when the pressure in the lungs is lower than the atmosphere

46
Q

what is oxygen

A

an essential gas required for aerobic energy production in muscles

47
Q

what is carbon dioxide

A

the waste product if aerobic energy production

48
Q

what is expiration

A

pressure in the lungs is higher than in the atmosphere

49
Q

describe the effect of different intensities of exercise of breathing frequency

A

the higher the intensity the more breaths you take until the max of 50-60 bpm
submaximal exercise is steady state where the supply of oxygen meets the demand

50
Q

describe the effect of different intensities of exercise on tidal volume

A

tidal volume initially increases in proportion to exercise intensity at submax intensities up to approximately 3 litres.
at submax exercise, tidal volume reaches a plateau

51
Q

describe the graph showing the relationship between minute ventilation and rest, exercise and recovery during submax

A
  • the starting Ve is approx 10 L/min
  • anticipatory rise due to the release of adrenaline
  • rapid rise to 60-120 L/min
  • plateau at 60-120 L/min
  • rapid decrease at the end of exercise
    slower decrease during recovery to return to resting Ve
52
Q

describe the graph showing the relationship between minute ventilation and rest, exercise and recovery during maximal exercise

A
  • starting Ve approx 10l/min
  • anticipatory rise due to release of adrenaline
  • rapid rise to 80-140l/min
  • there is a continued rise towards maximal values due to continued stimulation of chemoreceptors from the lactic acid 120-180l/min
  • rapid decrease at the end of exercise
  • much slower decrease towards resting Ve value. Elevated level of respiration to recover and remove waste products
53
Q

describe the mechanics of breathing for inspiration during exercise

A
  • the external intercostals contract and the diaphragm flattens as well as the sternocleiodomastoid and pectoralis major contract
  • causing the ribs and sternum to move up and out further
  • which further increases the thoracic cavity volume
  • which means the lung pressure decreases further
54
Q

describe the mechanics of breathing for expiration during exercise

A
  • the external intercostals relax and the diaphragm recoils and the abdoinals and internal intercostals contract
  • meaning the ribs and sternum moves down and in further
  • decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity further
  • increasing the pressure of the lungs further
55
Q

what is the job of the respiratory control centre

A

to receive information from the sensory nerve and send impulses to the IC or EC

56
Q

what is the IC

A

the inspiratory centre stimulated the inspiratory muscles to contract and rest during exercise

57
Q

what is the EC

A

the expiratory centre is inactive at rest but will stimulate additional respiratory muscles to contract during exercise

58
Q

describe neural control of breathing during exercise of different intensities

A

-thermorecpetors detect an increase in temperature,
- proprioceptors detect an increase in movement,
- baroreceptors prevent over inflation of the lungs during exercise by sending impulses to the expiratory centre

59
Q

describe chemical control of breathing during exercise of different intensities

A
  • chemoreceptors located in the aorta and ceratoid arteries detect an increase in blood CO2 and acidity
60
Q

what is the definition of diffusion

A

the movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or PP to an area of lower concentration pf PP

61
Q

what is the definition of a diffusion gradient

A

when the is a difference in partial pressure

62
Q

what is the definition of partial pressure

A

the pressure a gas exerts in a mixture of other gases.

63
Q

what is millimetres of mercury(mmHg)

A

a unit for measuring atmospheric pressure

64
Q

what gasses exchange during external respiration and where

A

exchange of 02 and CO2 between blood and lungs

65
Q

describe the exchange of gasses and where during internal respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and muslces

66
Q

during external respiration which direction does does oxygen diffuse at rest

A

highPP02 in alveolar air —> lowPP02 in capillary blood

67
Q

during external inspiration which way does oxygen diffuse during exercise

A

high PPO2 in the alveolar air ——> lower PPO2 in capillary blood

paper 1 mock nov. 2022 (10 decks)

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