Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Flashcards
solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
semipermiable
Only certain substances can pass through
solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
net (movement)
overall movement
concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent
concentration gradient
A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.
alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
diaphragm
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing
diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Trachea
Allows air to pass to and from lungs
gas exchange
the process of obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide
oxygenated blood
blood carrying oxygen
deoxygenated blood
blood carrying little or no oxygen
pulmonary vien
The only vein in the body that carries oxygenated blood. Carries blood from the lungs to the heart
vena cava
largest vein in the body
aorta
Largest artery in the body
pulmonary artery
artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
artery
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Thick elastic walls, usually contains oxygenated blood
vein
A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart. Contain valves, usually contain deoxygented blood
capillary
Site of gas exchange, one cell thick in diameter, very thin walls.
plasma
Liquid part of blood. 50-60% of blood volume
White blood cells
Defend body against infection and disease. Contain a nucleus, largest blood cells and make up 2% of blood volume.
Platelets
Clot blood when blood vessels have been damaged. 2% of blood volume.
red blood cells
Blood cells that carry oxygen, via haemoglobin, from the lungs to the body cells and make up 45% of blood volume.
haemoglobin
The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells. Can bind to four oxygen molecules
Flow of deoxygenated blood
Vena Cava, right atrium, tri-cuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein
Flow of oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein, left atrium, bi-cuspid valve, left ventricle, aorta, body, vena cava
Main substances carried by blood
gasses (O and CO2), water and nutrients (proteins and glucose)
What is the role of the pharynx
Connects mouth and nasal passages and carries air, food and liquid down
what is the role of the larynx
Lets air pass from the pharynx to the trachea and contains vocal cords
explain the limitations of diffusion on the survival of an organism
The larger and more complex an organism is the less efficient diffusion is as it takes longer to occur because of low SA:V. Inconsistent concentration gradients also make it less reliable.
role of epiglottis
it is a small moveable ‘lid’ that prevents food and drink from entering the trachea
Explain the factors that facilitate gas exchange
High cappilarisation - increase in formation of cappilaries, increases amount of diffusion
Moist surface - a moist surface is required as it disolves the gasses enabling them to pass across membrane
High SA:V - increases ability and speed of diffusion
Thin cell walls - make it easier for diffusion to occur
steps of inhalation
1 - air flows in as o2 moves from an area of high to low concentration
2 - ribs move up and out as the
3 - intercoastal muscles contract
4 - the lungs expand
5 - the diaphragm contracts and is flattened
