Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

Question 1

impact of PA: heart disease

Answer 1

prevents angina, clots, blockage, build up of plaque, atherosclerosis.

Question 2

impact of PA: high bp

Answer 2

heart attack, aerobic system.

Question 3

impact of PA: hdl cholesterol

Answer 3

protects blood cells and artery walls, is anti-inflammatory, and removes excess cholesterol

Question 4

impact of PA:ldl cholesterol

Answer 4

anti-inflammatory, regulates low cholesterol, and lowers the chances of having a heart attack.

Question 5

impact of PA: stroke

Answer 5

ishcaemic (clot), heamoraggic (burst vessel), low BP, healthy weight, maintains a strong vessel.

Question 6

cardiac output calculation?

Answer 6

stoke volume * heart rate

Question 7

cardiac conduction system:

Answer 7

1. right atrium to SA node emits a signal across the atria (atrial systole)
2. impulse to the left atrium.
3. AV node receives signal from SA node to relay it. (ventricular diastole)
4. bundle of his seperates the right and left atriums.
5. pukinje fibres spread the signal acrosss the body. ( ventricular systole)

Question 8

neural control:

Answer 8

baro receptors, proprioceptors, and hemorecepetors.

Question 9

hormonal ontrol:

Answer 9

adrenaline

Question 10

intrinsic control:

Answer 10

temperature changes, contractility.

Question 11

ways to help venous return:

Answer 11

skeletal muscle pump,
pocket valves,
smooth muscle,
respiratory pump,
gravity.

Question 12

What is average BP?

Answer 12

120/80 mmng

Question 13

What is cardiovascular drift?

Answer 13

An increase in HR despite working at the same intensity.

Question 14

What is A-VO2 drift?

Answer 14

difference between the content of arterial and venal blood.

Question 15

What is oxygen disassociation?

Answer 15

As partial pressure increases, so does saturation of 02.

Question 16

Smoking effects on health:

Answer 16

-constricts bronchioles
-Alveoli and cilia are damaged
-low number of alveoli
-low 02 utilisation
-low aerobic performance so less energy for excercise
-high risk of COPD

Question 17

resting hr?

Answer 17

20-25%

Question 18

vigorous exercise hr?

Answer 18

80-85%

Question 19

Redistribution of blood:

Answer 19

1. haemoglobin binds to 4 oygen and travels to the muscles.
2. oxygen detaches and attaches to myoglobin to store it.
3. myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen.
4. The mitochondria then use the oxygen to create energy.

Question 20

calculation for venous return:

Answer 20

venous pressure-right atrial pressure / venous vascular resistance

Question 21

vasometre centre:

Answer 21

1. chemo, baro and proprioceptors detect excercise occuring.
2. they send a signal to the vasomotre centre.
3. increased impulse flow through the sympathetic nervous sytem to non essential organs causing vasoconstriction of the artierioles.
4. Reduced impulses from the sympatheic NS to the skeletal muscle will cause vasodialation of the arterioles.
5. Precappilary sphincters contract to reduce blood flow.

Question 22

Describe the flow of blood from the moment it arrives from the body to the moment it leaves to go back to the body.

Answer 22

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.​

It moves into the right ventricle where it then travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.​

Oxygenated blood now enters the left atrium through the pulmonary artery.​

It moves into the left ventricle where is then travels through the aorta to the body.

Question 23

Describe how the cardiac conduction system works.

Answer 23

Electrical impulses begin in the SA node.​

As they spread along the interatrial pathway, they force the atria to contract, pushing blood into the ventricles (atrial systole).​

It then reaches the AV node where there is a small delay to allow the ventricles to fill.​

It then passes down the bundle of his and to the purkinje fibres which cause the ventricles to contract, forcing blood out of the heart (ventricular systole). ​

Question 24

Sally
Always
Aims
Balls
Past
Vicky

Answer 24

-sa node
-atrial systole
-bundle of his
-pukinje fibres
-ventricular systole

Question 25

Explain the process of how chemoreceptors contribute to an increase in heart rate during exercise (4 marks).

Answer 25

Chemoreceptors detect an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood that occurs during exercise. (1)​

They send a signal to the cardiac control centre. (1)​

The sympathetic nervous system sends an impulse to the SA node. (1)​

The SA node increases it’s rate of fire to speed up heart rate. (1)

Question 26

what is bohr shift?

Answer 26

-when the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right.
the oxyhaemoglobin dissociative curve correlates the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin across a range of oxygen pressures.
The bohr shift occurs as a result of increased CO2 in the blood, increased blood acidity, temperature, and decreased blood pH..
-as a result, haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen at the working muscles, giving up oxygen more easily.

Question 27

what is bradycardia?

Answer 27

a decrease in resting hr below 60 bpm.

Question 28

HDL:

Answer 28

good cholestorel which transports excess cholesterol to the liver to be broken down.

Question 29

LDL:

Answer 29

bad cholesterol as a result of weakened blood vessels in the brain bursting.

Question 30

ischaemic stroke=

Answer 30

occurs when a blood clot stops the supply of blood reaching the brain.

Question 31

Haemeragic stroke=

Answer 31

result of a weakend blood vessel to the brain bursting.