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PE Physiology > Cardiovascular And Respiratory System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular And Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define PULMONARY CIRCUIT

A

CIRCULATION of blood through PULMONARY ARTERY to the LUNGS and PULMONARY VEIN back to the HEART

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2
Q

Define SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

A

CIRCULATION of blood through the AORTA to the BODY and VENA CAVA back to the HEART

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3
Q

Define MYOGENIC

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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4
Q

Define DIASTOLE

A

the RELAXATION phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood

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5
Q

Define SYSTOLE

A

the CONTRACTION phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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6
Q

Define AORTA

A

the aorta is the largest artery in the body. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve.

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7
Q

Define VENA CAVAE

A

venae cavae are the two largest veins in the body. These blood vessels carry oxygen-depleted blood from various regions of the body to the right atrium of the heart

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8
Q

Define HEART RATE

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

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9
Q

Define STROKE VOLUME

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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10
Q

Define CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.

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11
Q

What is the pathway of blood ? (VAVA ect)

A 
vena cava
right atrium
(tricuspid valve) 
right ventricle 
pulmonary artery 
(lungs) 
pulmonary vein 
(bicuspid valve) 
left atrium 
left ventricle 
aorta 
(body)
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12
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output ?

A

HR x SV = Q

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13
Q

What is the CARDIAC CYCLE ?

A

Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole

Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole

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14
Q

What is the CONDUCTION SYSTEM ?

A

SA Node
AV Node

Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres

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15
Q

How to the CARDIAC CYCLE and the CONDUCTION SYSTEM work together ?

A 
Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole 
SA Node 
AV Node 
Atrial Systole 
Bundle of HIS 
Purkinje Fibres 
Ventricular Systole
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16
Q

Define REGULATION

A

a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority

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17
Q

Define AUTONOMIC

A

involuntary or unconscious

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18
Q

Define SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR

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19
Q

Define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR

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20
Q

Define MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions

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21
Q

Define CCC

A

Cardiac Contol Centre

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22
Q

Define HORMONAL

A

containing a hormone or hormones

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23
Q

Define VENOUS RETURN

A

the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins

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24
Q

Define ADRENALINE

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles for exertion

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25
Q

Define FIRING RATE

A

the amount of neurons firing at a giving time

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26
Q

What are the 3 components of NEURAL FACTORS ?

A

chemoreceptors - increase in CO2
proprioreceptors - muscle and tendon movement
baroreceptors - blood pressure

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27
Q

What is the one component of HORMONAL FACTORS ?

A

adrenaline - increases HR

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28
Q

What are the components of INTRINSIC FACTORS ?

A

temperature

venous return

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29
Q

What are the 5 components in VENOUS RETURN

A
  • pocket valve
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
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30
Q

What is RCC ?

A

Respiratory Control Centre

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31
Q

What are the 2 centres in the RCC ?

A
  • expiratory centre

- inpiratory centre

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32
Q

What nerve is linked with the EXPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVE - external intercostal muscles

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33
Q

What nerve is linked with the INSPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?

A

PHRENIC NERVE - diaphragm

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34
Q

What 3 components are in the VASCUALR SHUNT ?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodialation
  • pre-capillary sphinter
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35
Q

What is VASOCONSTRICTION ?

A

when the lumen gets smaller - limiting blood flow

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36
Q

What is VASODIALATION ?

A

when the lumen gets bigger - increasing blood flow

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37
Q

What do PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINTERS do ?

A

open and close to allow blood to flow through capillaries

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38
Q

How does temperature link to venous return ?

A

temp increases - viscosity decrease - venous return increase - (SV) stroke volume increase = (Q) cardian output increase.

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39
Q

INSPIRATION REST active or passive ?

A

active

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40
Q

EXPIRATION REST active or passive ?

A

passive

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41
Q

INSPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?

A

active

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42
Q

EXPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?

A

active

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43
Q

What muscles are involved with IR ?

A

diaphragm

external intercostal

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44
Q

What muscles are involved with ER ?

A

none

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45
Q

What muscles are involved in IE ?

A

diaphragm
external intercostal
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor

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46
Q

What muscles are involved in EE ?

A

internal intercostal

rectus abdominalis

47
Q

IR : DIAPHRAGM

A

contracts and flattens

48
Q

IR : RIBS

A

up and out

49
Q

ER : DIAPHRAGM

A

relaxes

50
Q

ER : RIBS

A

down and in

51
Q

IE : RIBS

A

further up and out

52
Q

EE : RIBS

A

forced down and in

53
Q

IR : RESULT

A

decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is brought into the lungs

54
Q

ER : RESULT

A

increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is pushed out

55
Q

IE : RESULT

A

decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

MORE air is brought in

56
Q

EE : RESULT

A

increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY

air is FORCED OUT

57
Q

What is PARTIAL PRESSURE ?

A

concentration of gas in a space

58
Q

What is DIFFUSION GRADIENT ?

A

gas moves from high pp to low pp

59
Q

What is DIFFUSION ?

A

movement of particles across a partially permeable membrane (1 cell thick) down a diffusion gradient

60
Q

What are the 2 “features” in the EXTERNAL SITE ?

A

alveoli and capillary

61
Q

What are the 2 “features” in the INTERNAL SITE ?

A

muscle fibre and capillary

62
Q

How many oxygen can haemoblobin hold ?

A

4

63
Q

What is the product of oxygen and haemoglobin ?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

64
Q

Where is there a high PP of O2 at the external site ?

A

in the alveoli / lungs

65
Q

Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the external site ?

A

in the capillary

66
Q

Where is there a low PP of O2 at the external site ?

A

in the capillary

67
Q

Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the external site ?

A

in the alveoli / lungs

68
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane ?

A

a membrane that is one cell thick

69
Q

After the external site, where does the blood go ?

A

LA / LV / AORTA / MUSCLE

70
Q

How many oxygen disassociate from the haemoglobin at the internal site ?

A

2

71
Q

How many CO2 diffuse out of the muscle fibre ?

A

an equal amount - PP should always be equal

72
Q

Where is there a high PP of 02 at the internal site ?

A

in the capillary

73
Q

Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the internal site ?

A

in the muscle fibre

74
Q

Where is there a low PP of O2 at the internal site ?

A

in the muscle fibre

75
Q

Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the internal site ?

A

in the capillary

76
Q

Does the capillary only contain O2 ?

A

no it carries some CO2

77
Q

HEART RATE : REST : UNTRAINED

A

60 - 80

78
Q

HEART RATE : REST : TRAINED

A

> 60

79
Q

HEART RATE : SM : UNTRAINED

A

100 - 130

80
Q

HEART RATE : SM : TRAINED

A

95 - 120

81
Q

HEART RATE : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

220 - age

82
Q

HEART RATE : MAX : TRAINED

A

220 - age

83
Q

STROKE VOLUME : REST : UNTRIANED

A

70 ml

84
Q

STROKE VOLUME : REST : TRAINED

A

70 - 100 ml

85
Q

STROKE VOLUME : SM : UNTRAINED

A

100 - 120 ml

86
Q

STROKE VOLUME : SM : TRAINED

A

160 - 200 ml

87
Q

STROKE VOLUME : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

100 - 120 ml

88
Q

STROKE VOLUME : MAX : TRAINED

A

160 - 200 ml

89
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT : REST : UNTRAINED

A

4 - 8 l/min

90
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT : REST : TRAINED

A

4 - 8 l/min

91
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT : SM : UNTRAINED

A

10 - 15 l/min

92
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT : SM : TRAINED

A

15 - 20 l/min

93
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

20 - 30 l/min

94
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT : MAX : TRAINED

A

30 - 40 l/min

95
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : UNTRAINED

A

12 - 15 breaths per min

96
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : TRAINED

A

11 - 12 breaths per min

97
Q

BREATHING FRQUENCY : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

40 - 50 breaths per min

98
Q

BREATHING FREQUENCY : MAX : TRAINED

A

50 - 60 breaths per min

99
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : REST : UNTRAINED

A

0.5 l

100
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : REST : TRAINED

A

0.5 l

101
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

2.5 - 3 l

102
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : TRAINED

A

3 - 3.5 l

103
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : UNTRAINED

A

6 - 7.5 l/min

104
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : TRAINED

A

5.5 - 6 l/min

105
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : UNTRAINED

A

100 - 150 l/min

106
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : TRAINED

A

160 - 210 l/min

107
Q

nerve stimulated to increase heart rate?

A

accelerator

108
Q

nervous system increasing heart rate

A

sympathetic

109
Q

nervous system decreasing heart rate

A

parasympathetic

110
Q

nerve stimulated to decrease heart rate

A

vagus nerve

111
Q

intrinsic control

A

heart senses changes

temperature
contractility

112
Q

Stroke volume increases because

A

Increased volume return

Starlings law

113
Q

Why does stroke volume plateau

A

Doesn’t allow the ventricles and atria to fill up due to the speed of contractions in the diastole phase

PE Physiology (8 decks)

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