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Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum subdivision

A

The mediastinum is divided into Superior and Inferior mediastinum and the Inferior mediastinum is subdivided into Ant, Middle and Posterior.

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2
Q

Superior Mediastinum:

Contents

A

Thymus gland

Brachiocephalic veins

Superior vena cava

Aortic arch and branches:

  • R. brachiocephalic trunk
  • L. common carotid artery
  • L. subclavian artery

Phrenic nerve

Vagus nerve

Left recurent laryngeal nerve

Cardiac nerve plexus

Sympathetic trunk

Trachea

Esophagus

Ductus thoracicus

Prevertebral muscles

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3
Q

Inferior Mediastinum:

Subdivisions

A

Anterior Inf. Mediastinum

Middle Inf. Mediastinum

Posterior Inf. Mediastinum

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4
Q

Anterior Mediastinum

A

Fat

Loose connective tissue

Lymph vessels

Anterior borders of lungs & pleura

Internal thoracic blood vessels

Thymus (sometimes)

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5
Q

Middle Mediastinum

A

Pericardium

Heart

Roots of major blood vessels

Phrenic nerves

Pericardiophrenic blood vessels

POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
´
´

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6
Q

Posterior Mediastinum:

Borders

A

Anterior: Heart and pericardium

Post:T5 – T12

Sup: Sternal angle

Inf: Diaphragm

It has transverse as well as longitudinal structures

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7
Q

Posterior Mediastinum:

Longitudinal Structures

A

Blood vessels (aorta & azygos system)

Esophagus

Ductus thoracicus

Sympathetic trunk & splanchnic nn. & n. vagus

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8
Q

Posterior Mediastinum:

Tranverse Structures

A

Post. intercostal blood vessels

Intercostal nerves

Crossing of ductus thoracicus (R to L)

Crossing of v. hemiazygos (L to R)

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9
Q

Pericardium

A

The pericardium consists of a Fibrous as well as a Serous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium:

Protects heart against sudden overfilling,

Serous pericardium:
-Parietal layer: internal surface of fibrous pericardium

-Visceral layer: surface of the heart = epicardium

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10
Q

Layers of the Pericardium

A

Junction: Between fibrous pericardium and Adventitia

Fibrous Pericardium

Pericardial Cavity

Serous Pericardium:

  • Parietal serous pericardium
  • Visceral serous pericardium-Epicardium
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11
Q

Pericardial Sinus

A

There are two main pericardial Sinuses:

Tranverse Pericardial Sinus

Oblique Pericardial Sinus

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12
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus

A

Posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk

Anterior to superior vena cava

Right and left side of pericardial space communicate
and it can be reached from anterior

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13
Q

Oblique pericardial sinus

A

U-shaped, blind recess posterior to left atrium
pulmonary veins and VCI bulge into pericardial space

Can be reached from inferior

Remnant of mesocardium between transverse- and oblique sinuses

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14
Q

Neurovascular Supply of the Pericardium

A

Blood supply

Venous drainage

Nerve Innervation

Lymphatic drianage

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15
Q

Blood Supply

A 
Fibrous and parietal serous pericardium:
pericardiophrenic arteries, branches of the thorac aorta
epicardium: = heart
´ Venous drainage:
´ Nerve supply:
´ Lymphatic drainage:
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16
Q

Venous drainage

A

Fibrous and parietal serous pericardium:
pericardiophrenic veins, azygos and hemiazygos veins
epicardium: = heart

17
Q

Nerve Supply

A

Fibrous and parietal serous pericardium:

n. phrenicus (referred pain), n. vagus (? function), ST (vasomotor)
epicardium: = heart (autonomic)

18
Q

Lymphatic drainage

A

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

19
Q

Functions of the Fibrous Skeleton

A

Attachment of valve slips

Prevents dilatation of valves

Attachment of myocardium

Electric insulation

20
Q

Conducting system of the Heart

A

Co-ordinate heart cycle and consists of heart muscle fibres and conducting tissue:

SA node: = pacemaker, RA, near superior end of crista terminalis just deep to epicardium, impulses at 70/minute

AV node: interatrial septum, near opening of coronary sinus

AV bundle: split into L & R leg on both sides of IVS
runs deep to endocardium branches: subendocardial = Purkinje fibres

R branch - (RV ant. papillary muscles) / L branch - (LV papillary muscles, IVS)

Septomarginal / moderator band: RV, Between IVS and anterior wall

Control of heart muscle contraction
Conducting tissue, Nerve innervation
Inherent rhythmic ability of myocardium

21
Q

Blood Supply of the Heart

A

Endocardium, subendocardial tissue: directly from heart chambers

Myocardium and epicardium: coronary arteries from aortic sinuses (left and right)

Right coronary artery:

  • course: in coronary groove to the right
  • Branches: R marginal branch, post. interventricular branch, AV nodal artery (85%), SA nodal artery (55%)

-Supply: AV node (80%), AV bundle, SA node (60%), RA, RV, IVS LA (varying amount), LV (varying amount)

Left coronary artery:
-course: between left auricle and pulmonary trunk, in coronary sulcus to the left

Branches: ant interventricular branch - runs in ant interventricular sulcus

  • lateral / diagonal artery
  • Circumflex artery - runs in coronary sulcus to the L around the heart
  • left marginal artery supply: ant. interventricular a.: LV, RV, IVS circumflex a.: LV, LA, IVS, RA (partly), SA / AV node (varies) heart muscles
22
Q

Venous drainage to the Heart

A

Primary

Secondary

23
Q

Primary Drianage

A

Via coronary sinus

location: coronary sulcus, posterior to the heart orifice: in RA (valve at opening)

Contributing branches:

  • Great cardiac vein (» L coronary a.)
  • Middle cardiac vein (» post. interventricular a.)
  • Small cardiac vein (» R marginal a.)
  • Posterior vein of the LV ® inferior surface of LV
  • Oblique vein of the LA ® post. wall of the LA
24
Q

Secondary Drianage

A

Opens directly in heart chambers

Anterior cardiac veins - between RV and RA
vv. cordis minimae (myocardium)

No valves

Open directly into heart chambers

Collateral circulation of the myocardium

25
Q

Surface Anatomy of the Heart

A

Superior Border

Inferior Border

Right Border

Left Border

26
Q

Superior Border

A

L 2nd CC (inf. border) (3cm from median)

R 3rd CC (sup. border) (2cm from median)

27
Q

Inferior Border

A

R 6th CC

L 5th ICS (med. to mid-clavicular line) = apex

28
Q

Right Border

A

R 3rd CC (sup. border)

R 6th CC (2cm from median)

29
Q

Left Border

A

L 5th ICS

L 2nd CC

30
Q

Surface Anatomy for Auscultation of Heart Valves

A

Aortic valve - 2nd ICS R parasternal

Pulmonary valve - 2nd ICS L parasternal

Mitral valve - 5th ICS mid-clavicular line

Tricuspid valve - 3-6th CC L parasternal

Cardiovascular System (12 decks)

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