cardiovascular anatomy Flashcards
vessels of circulation
- arteries
- capillaries
- veins
Arteries
blood from the ventricles enters large arteries
blood moves into smaller arteries
smallest arteries called
arterioles
arterioles feed into…
the capillary beds of organs and tissues
capillaries
delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body.
allow passage of fluid and nutrients
sinusoids
- specialised capillaries
- have larger lumens and walls to allow passage of larger molecules
veins
carry deoxygenated blood towards your heart and are often located close to your skin
2 types of circulation
systemic and pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
- The blood is pumped out from the left ventricle, around the body and is returned to the right atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava
pulmonary circulation
the circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.
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3 layers of tissue within the veins and arteries
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventita
Tunica adventita
- an outer layer of fibrous tissue, which protects and supports the vessel
Tunica media
a middle layer containing variable amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Tunica intima
a smooth lining layer - only one cell thick
Vasa vasorum
small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins with nutrients and oxygen
Anastomoses
arteries that form a link between the main arteries supplying an area
- for example - the arterial supply to the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
types of anastomoses
- Arterial
- venous
- arteriovenous
arterial anastomoses
- Arteries supplying same area merge and form collateral channel
- common in the abdominal organs, heart and brain
venous anastomoses
direct connections beween small arteries and small veins
Arteriovenous anastomoses
direct connections between small arteries and small veins
collateral circulation
alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels.
3 layers of the heart
- percardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
Pericardium
- the outermost layer of the heart made up of 2 sacs
- fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
fibrous pericardium
- inelastic and fibrous
- protects and prevents overdistention of the heart
myocardium
- muscular layer of the heart
- thickest at apex of heart
- wall of the left ventricle is thicker than right
endocardium
- lines the chambers and valves of the heart
- thin smooth membrane to ensure smooth flow of the blood through the heart
the heart is divided into left and right by the…..
septum
septum
- consists of myocardium covered by endocardium
tricuspid valve
- between the right atrium and ventricle
pulmonary valve
- located between the right ventricle and pulmonary valve
bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
- located between the left atrium and ventricle
aortic valve
- located between the left ventricle and aorta
flow of blood in heart
- blood from superior and inferior vena cava goes into the right atrium
- blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- blood is then pumped into the pulmonary arteries
(left and right) - blood then travels to the lungs
- pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium
- blood travels into the left ventricle throught the mitral valve
- blood is then pumped into the aorta and to the rest of the body
sinoatrial node
small mass that lies in the wall of the of the right atrium
- generate regular impulses
Atrioventricular node
- a small mass of neuromuscular tissue situsted in the wall of the atrial seotum
- transmits the electrical signals from the atria into the ventricles
- allowing the atria to finish contracting before the ventricles start
ECG P wave
respresents the impulse from the SA node sweeping over the atria
ECG QRS complex
- represents the rapid spread of impulse from the AV node through the AV bundle and purkinje fibres.
ECG T wave
- represents the relaxation of the ventricular muscle
stroke volume
- determined by the volume of blood in the ventricles immediately before they contract e.g. ventricular end-diastolic volume (VEDV).
- increased VEDV leads to stronger myocardial contraction and more blood expelled, which increases stroke volume
systolic pressure
when left ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the aorta, the arterial blood pressure rises sharply and produces the systolic blood pressure
diastolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats
name of artery behind the knee
popliteal artery
arteries in the foot
dorsalis pedis artery
order of arteries in the lower body
- common illiac artery
- internal illiac artery
- external illiac artery
- femoral artery
- popiteal
- anterior tibial artery
- posterior tibial artery
- dorsalis pedis artery
order of veins in lower body
- common illiac vein
- internal illiac vein
- external illiac vein
- femoral veins
- great saphenous vein
- popiteal vein
- small saphenous vein
- anterior tibial vein
- posterior tibial vein
- posterior fibular vein
- small saphenous vein
- great saphenous vein
order of arteries in the upper body
- Rt and Lt common carotid arteries
- Rt and Lt vertebral arteries
- Rt and Lt subclavian arteries
- brachiosephalic artery
- arch of aorta
- Thoracic aorta
- Abdominal aorta
- axillary artery
- brachial artery
- radial artery
- ulnar artery
- deep palmar arch
order of veins in the upper body
- superficial temporal vein
- facial vein
- Lt and Rt internal jugular vein
- Lt and Rt external jugular vein
- Lt and Rt subclavian vein
- Lt and Rt brachiocephalic vein
- superior Vena cava
- basilic vein
- cephalic vein
- brachial veins
- inferior vena cava
- median cubital vein
- radial vein
- ulnar vein
