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staffs Year 1 Paramedic > Cardiovascular A & P > Flashcards

Cardiovascular A & P Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transports CO2, O2, nutrients, waste products, reservoir of water, heat, hormones.
Maintain blood pressure.
Regulation of PH levels, Thermoregulation, ion composition.
Protection against toxins and pathogens, prevents blood loss via thrombocytes.
Plasma protein maintain osmotic pressure.

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2
Q

What is temperature of blood?

A

35.6-37.8

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3
Q

What’s the PH level of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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4
Q

Calculation of blood volume.

A

Males- 70 mls per Kg of blood
Females- 60mls per Kg of blood
Children- 80mls per Kg of blood
Newborn 100mls per Kg of blood

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5
Q

What does Hemopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood which takes place in red bone marrow.

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6
Q

Describe Blood Composition?

A

Plasma 55% main constituent of plasma is water 90-92% and 7% of plasma protein they are to big to escape via capillaries.

White blood cells and platelets <1%

Red blood cells 45%

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7
Q

Describe composition of plasma protein?

A

Albumin carriers your drugs, steroid hormones and free fatty acids main function to maintain osmotic pressure.
Globulins three main function are antibodies, they have complex proteins produced by lymphocytes they then bind and neutralise foreign material.
Electrolytes Cary Ca2, K, Na allow nerve impulses.
Nutrients amino acids, carbs as glucose and vitamins for absorption.
Waste production.
Gases, 02,C02

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8
Q

Describe composition of RBC

A

Bi concave creates larger surface area also allows it to pass through narrow capillaries.
A mature red blood cell has no nucleus so it has more room for haemoglobin.
Life span around 120days then destroyed in spleen.

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9
Q

Describe the clotting process.

A

Platelets exposed to tissue damage.
Becomes sticky & clump together (release substances that help promote clotting), Prothrombinase.
Prothrombin (plasma protein) and thrombin (enzyme).
Fibrinogen (soluble plasma protein) and fibrin (insoluble protein) clot is formed.

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10
Q

Describe the clotting process.

A

The damage platelets release thrombokinase.
Thrombokinase & prothrombokinase combine with calcium salts to form thrombin.
Thrombin combines with fibrinogen turns into fibrin.
Fibrin the threads entrapping formed elements creating a clot.
Takes 20 seconds depending on the area and depth.

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11
Q

The two type of Leukocytes (WBC)

A

Granular visible in the cell.

Agranular less visible in the cell.

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12
Q

What are the Function of the WBC?

A

To defend the immune system.
WBC can fit out of the blood stream.
Ameboid movement actively move by extending cellular process, allowing the WBC to move towards the infected area.
Neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes are capable of phagocytes this engulf the FOB.

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13
Q

What are the three types of Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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14
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A

50-70% circulating WBC. Usually first at site of injury, attack engulf and digest bacteria that have been marked with Antibodies.

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15
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

Engulf bacteria & also secret toxic compounds 2-4% of circulating WBC’s.

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16
Q

What is a Basophils?

A

<1% of circulating WBC’s involved in the inflammatory response to injury migrate to interstitial fluids outside if blood stream.
Discharged histamine and heparin into tissues, enhanced inflammatory response by mast cells already present in tissue.

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17
Q

What is a Agranulocytes?

A

2-8% of circulating WBCs, circulation through bloodstream before entering tissues as a tissue macrophage, engulf large items.
Sent out signals to attach other WBCs to the area scar tissue formation role.

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of Lymphocytes?

A

T cells, cell mediated immunity, enter peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells also coordinate other lymphocytes.
B cells produce and distribute antibodies which attach foreign antigens throughout the body.
Natural Killer (NK) cells detect and destiny abnormal tissue cells (cancer).

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19
Q

Describe the three layers of all Blood Vessels.

A 
Tunica Adventitia-outer layer of fibrous tissue protect &amp; support the vessel.
Tunica Media-middle layer containing variable amounts of amounts smooth muscles &amp; elastic tissue.
Tunica intima (endothelium) a smooth lining larger only one cell thick,the endothelium only layer present in capillaries.
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20
Q

Describe capillary gas exchange.

A

Internal respiration is the exchange of gases from the capillary blood & local cells.
External respiration is the exchange of gases between lungs and capillary walls.

O2 comes from the lungs binds with O2 makes haemoglobin, it arrives at the capillaries with their semi permeable walls.
It then diffuse down the concentrations O2 levels are Lowe because of oxygen consumption.

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21
Q

Layers of the Heart

A

Pericardium-outer layer of the heart with 2 layers.
Outer layer fibrous pericardium provides protection and anchorage.
Inner layer serous pericardium 2 layers with potential space (pericardial cavity) containing serous fluid.

Myocardium-middle layer of the heart known as cardiac muscle. Striated like skeletal muscle but involuntary as smooth muscle. Muscle fibres swirl around the heart in bundles.

Endocardium-lines the chambers of the heart, thin smooth membrane to make smooth blood flow, flattered epithelial.

22
Q

List the Blood Flow of through the heart.

A 
Inferior/superior vena cava.
Right Atrium.
Tricuspid Valve.
Right Ventricle.
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve.
Lungs.
 Pulmonary veins (right and left).
Left Atrium.
Bicuspid Valve.
Left Ventricles.
Aortic Semilunar Valve.
Aorta.
Arteries.
Capillaries.
Veins.
23
Q

What affects venous return?

A

Body position.
Muscular contraction.
Respiratory movement-negative thoracic pressure.
Suction of the heart.

24
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Blood pumped from the left ventricle in one beat during rest is stroke volume.

25
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute.
Cardiac output calculated as HR x SV = CO.
E.g. 70bpm and 70mls = 4900mls.

26
Q

What are the specialised cells in the heart called?

A

Auto rhythmic cells. These are self excitable cells allowing them to produce their own impulse.

27
Q

List the conduction system.

A 
Sino-atrial node (SA node).
Atria-ventricular node (AV node).
Bundle of His.
Left &amp; Right Bundle branches.
Purkinje fibres.
28
Q

Describe the SA node.

A

Found in the upper right atrium.
Rate between 60-100bpm
The large fibres within the myocardium allows for depolarisation of cardiac cells.

29
Q

Describe Atria ventricular node.

A

AV node lower border of the right atrium, receive impulses SA node and holds on to them before passing them on.
Beats between 50-60bpm.

30
Q

List the Cardiac Cycle

A

Lasts 0.8 seconds.
Atrial systole-atrial depolarisation, creating atrial contraction in order to push blood into the ventricle (0.1 sec).
Ventricular systole-Ventricular depolarisation hopefully creating ventricle contraction in order to eject blood around the body (0.3 sec).
Atrial & Ventricle diastole-atrium & ventricles relaxing, allowing passive filling to take place, no electrical activity is place (0.4 sec).

31
Q

Describe Capillary refill time. CBR

A

Skin pushed firmly it turns white (blanches) this is because only the capillaries have been pushed out <2secs.

32
Q

Describe the location of the heart.

A

Rest on the midline of the thoracic cavity the apex lays on the diaphragm, just above 5th intercostal space, the base extends to the seconds rib.

33
Q

Describe what happens in the p wave, QRS complex and T wave.

A

P wave-depolarisation of atrial myocardium.
QRS complex-depolarisation of ventricular myocardium.
T wave- Repolarisation of ventricular myocardium.

34
Q

What do phagocytise macrophages do?

A

Destroy worn out red blood cells.

35
Q

List Factors that’s will affect O2 intake?

A 
Trauma i.e. chest wall/haemorrhage 
Obstruction i.e. airway 
Paralysis i.e chest muscle / nerves 
Atmospheres i.e. high altitude / fumes 
Diseases i.e emphysema , bronchitis
36
Q

What is hypoxia.

A

Hypoxia, lower levels of O2 within haemoglobin or arterial red blood, causing a lack of profusion.
Hypoxia will stimulate the production of RBC in order to increase the O2 carrying capacity.

37
Q

What is a thrombocytes?

A

A thrombocytes also know as platelets are very small non nucleated discs, derived from cytoplasm found in the red red bone marrow.

38
Q

What is coagulation?

A

Coagulation is the development of network of insoluble protein fibres in which for formed elements are trapped thus preventing further blood loss.

39
Q

2 types of white blood cells?

A

Granular

Aganular.

40
Q

What would increase WBC count?

A 
Strenuous exercise 
Pregnancy 
Microbial infection 
Tissue damage i.e burn, MI
Metabolic disorders 
Leukaemia
41
Q

What’s is pulmonary circulation?

A

Circulation of blood transported to the lungs where diffusion can take place.

42
Q

What is inflammation of the myocardium known as?

A

Myocarditis.

43
Q

Describe what separates the chambers of the heart.

A

Connective tissue, called interatrial septum, separates the left and right atrium. The left and right ventricles are separated by the interventricular septum.

44
Q

Where are the coronary arteries are located.

A

Ascending aorta.

45
Q

2 functions of auto-rhythmic cells

A

To make up the conduction system.

To act as a pacemaker.

46
Q

Describe the atrial & ventricular diastole of the cardiac cycle.

A

Atrial & ventricular Diastole takes 0.4 sec, during this time the atrium and ventricles relax, allowing passive filling it take place, no electrical activity is taking place and they will be depolarising in readiness to depolarise again.

47
Q

What nervous control is the heart under and where is it located.

A

The heart is under the autonomic nerves originating in the cardiovascular centre in the Medulla oblongata.

48
Q

What are the 2 sub categories of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Sympathetic-speeding things up.

Parasympathetic-slowing things down.

49
Q

The 2 sub categories the cardiovascular centre is split into.

A

Cardio-accelerators centre (CAC).

Cardio-inhibitory Centre (CIC).

50
Q

Factors affecting heart rate.

A 
Circulating chemicals i.e hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenalin secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Position of the person.
Exercise.
Emotional states.
Gender i.e HR is faster in females then in males.
Age i.e babies
Temperature.
Baro-receptor reflexes
51
Q

What is the average BP

A

120mmhg, 80mmhg

52
Q

Pulse pressure

A

120mmHg-80mmHg = 40mmHg

staffs Year 1 Paramedic (19 decks)

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