Cardiovascular Flashcards
Allantois -> urachus becomes…
Median umbilical ligament
Ductus arteriosus becomes…
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ductus venosus becomes…
Ligamentum venosum
Notochord becomes…
Nucleus pulposus
Umbilical arteries become…
Medial umbilical ligaments
Umbilical vein becomes…
Ligamentum teres hepatis (round l. of the liver)
Most posterior part of the heart =
Enlargement may cause…
LA
Dysphagia due to esophageal compression; hoarseness due to recurrent laryngeal n. damage
Most anterior part of the heart =
Of all heart chambers, it is most likely to be injured due to…
RV
Trauma
What are the 3 layers of the pericardium (outer to inner)?
Where is the pericardial cavity?
What innervates the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Between the parietal and visceral layers
Phrenic n.
Right dominant circulation (85%) =
Left dominant circulation (8%) =
Codominant circulation (7%) =
PDA arises from RCA
PDA arises from LCX
PDA arises from both RCA and LCX
What is supplied by the LAD? (3)
Anterior 2/3 of the IV septum
Anterolateral papillary m.
Anterior surface of the LV
What is supplied by the PDA? (4)
AV node
Posterior 1/3 of the IV septum
Posterior 2/3 walls of the ventricles
Posteromedial papillary m.
What is supplied by the right marginal artery? (1)
RV
What is supplied by the RCA? (1)
SA node
What is supplied by the LCX? (1)
Lateral part of the LV
How does stroke volume change with increased preload vs. increased afterload?
Increased preload - increased SV
Increased afterload - decreased SV
What decreases contractility (and SV)? (4)
B1-blockers (decreased cAMP)
Acidosis
Hypoxia/hypercapnia
CCBs
What is used to approximate afterload?
What is the effect on afterload of the following:
- Arterial vasodilators
- ACEIs/ARBs
- HTN
MAP
- Arterial vasodilators: decreases afterload (and preload)
- ACEIs/ARBs: decreases afterload (and preload)
- HTN: increases afterload
Myocardial oxygen demand is increased by… (4)
Increased:
- contractility
- afterload
- HR
- diameter of ventricle
a wave
c wave
v wave
y descent
a - Atrial contraction (absent in Afib)
c - RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve)
v - increase in RA filling against a closed tricuspid valve
y - RA emptying into the RA (+ in constrictive pericarditis, - in cardiac tamponade)
Crescendo-decrescendo murmur and soft S2 (+/- ejection click) =
It can cause what symptoms?
Aortic stenosis
Syncope, angina and DOE (SAD)
Holosystolic, high-pitched “blowing” murmur that radiates toward axilla =
Holosystolic, high-pitched “blowing” murmur loudest in tricuspid area =
Mitral regurgitation - ischemic heart disease, MVP, LV dilation
Tricuspid regurgitation - RV dilation
“Midsystolic click” =
MVP - RHD/IE, myxomatous degeneration (Marfan or Ehler-Danlos diseases)
“Opening snap” =
This condition, if chronic, can cause…
Mitral stenosis - RHD
LA dilation leading to hoarseness/dysphagia due to compression
