Cardiovascular Flashcards
What are the two types of angina
Stable and unstable angina
What is atherosclerosis
It is a build up of plaque in the blood vessel. Cholesterol deposits in the damaged areas of blood vessels and white blood cells attacks this and causes an inflammation
Describe stable angina
It is predictable. Person feels okay when resting. Reduction in work can get rid of the pain. When person is moving the heart rate increase and due to the blockage the muscle gets hypoxic and person feels the pain
What is unstable angina
It is when a person has chest pain an any time. Unpredictable. Caused by a ruptured plaque and blocks off down stream vessel
What is heart failure
When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s demand. It is a secondary disease
What are the two types of heart failure
Left side and right side
Which type of heart failure occurs first
Left side
Describe left sided heart failure
The heart cannot pump enough blood to the system due to smaller or weaker heart muscles.
Which type of heart failure causes fluid build up in the lungs why
Left sided heart failure causes fluid buildup because the heart cannot pump blood well to the body and it gets backed up in the lungs
Which type of heart failure causes oedema in body
Right sided heart failure. This is because the heart does not fill up properly with blood. This is because the muscle is larger and take more space. The blood gets backed up in the body such as feet and abdomen.
Describe cardiac ouput
It is stroke volume x heart rate. When stroke volume is decreased or heart it affects the cardiac output.
What are the most relevant FHP interventions for heart failure?
- Health perception and health management.
- activity-exercise
- coping-stress
- roles and relationships
What is the presentation of angina?
Left arm and chest pain that stops with rest.
What are the risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
- elevated LDL and triglycerides.
- hypertension
- high fat and salt diet
- obesity
- ethnicity
- family history of heart disease
What are the modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
- Hypertension
- elevated serum lipids
- tabacco use
- alcohol intake
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- nutrition
- type 1 diabetes
- use of illicit drugs
What are the non modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
- male gender
- ethnicity
- genetic predisposition (hypercholesterolemia)
- family history
What is the progression of cardiovascular disease?
1) asymptomatic: chronic artery endothelial injury.
2) asymptomatic: arterial fatty streak & fibrous plagues.
3) complicated lesions: plaques ruptures. Thrombus or complete narrowing of artery.
4) chronic stable angina, acute coronary syndromes.
What is the presentation of heart failure?
- progressive fatigue
- increased SOB
- cough
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (sudden breathlessness at night)
- weight change
- tachycardia
- oedema
- nocturia
- skin changes
- behavioural changes
What are the risk factors of heart failure?
- history of cardiovascular disease
- history of myocardial infarction
- rheumatic fever
What are statins used for?
To manage lipid levels
What medications are used to reduce blood pressure?
Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers ACE inhibitors Thiazide diuretics Vasodilators
What medications are used for irregular heart beat?
Beta blocker
Calcium channel blocker
What medications are used to manage clotting?
Anti-platelets
Anticoagulants
What medications are used to manage chest pain?
GTN
Beta blocker
What medication is used to decrease fluid?
Diuretic
ACE inhibitor
ARB
What medication is used to decrease pre load?
Diuretic
Vasodilator
What medication is used to decrease after load?
Vasodilator- GTN
What medication is used to increase cardiac output?
Positive inotrope
Digoxin
What do you need to monitor for people with cardiovascular disease?
- BP
- physical activity
- diet: low fat and salt
- weight
What do you monitor for people with heart failure?
- BP
- fluid intake
- physical activity
- blood test
- nutrition: low salt, fat, sugar
What are the interventions for cardiovascular disease?
- adequate exercise
- nutrition: low saturate fat and high fibre
- support with meds
- reduce risk factors such as smoking
What are the intervention for someone who have progressed to coronary artery syndrome?
- help identify precipatory factors for angina
- teach clients signs of acute cardiac event and what to do
- annual flu and 5 year pneumonia vaccine
- use meds to prevent angina
- identify stressors and effective coping strategies
- activity modification
- support management with cardiac rehab
What are the interventions for heart failure?
- gradual increase of activity to avoid fatigue and dyspnoea
- planned periods of rest
- identify stressors and effective coping strategies
- support with meds
- nutritional therapy: recognise and avoid high fat and sodium, fluid limits, daily weighs for fluid retention, recognise effects of hypokalaemia
- recognise decompensation and what to do
- annual flue vac and 5 year pneumonia vaccines
- reduce smoking
- encourage family and whanau when developing plans
