Cardiovascular

Question 1

What are the two types of angina

Answer 1

Stable and unstable angina

Question 2

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 2

It is a build up of plaque in the blood vessel. Cholesterol deposits in the damaged areas of blood vessels and white blood cells attacks this and causes an inflammation

Question 3

Describe stable angina

Answer 3

It is predictable. Person feels okay when resting. Reduction in work can get rid of the pain. When person is moving the heart rate increase and due to the blockage the muscle gets hypoxic and person feels the pain

Question 4

What is unstable angina

Answer 4

It is when a person has chest pain an any time. Unpredictable. Caused by a ruptured plaque and blocks off down stream vessel

Question 5

What is heart failure

Answer 5

When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s demand. It is a secondary disease

Question 6

What are the two types of heart failure

Answer 6

Left side and right side

Question 7

Which type of heart failure occurs first

Answer 7

Left side

Question 8

Describe left sided heart failure

Answer 8

The heart cannot pump enough blood to the system due to smaller or weaker heart muscles.

Question 9

Which type of heart failure causes fluid build up in the lungs why

Answer 9

Left sided heart failure causes fluid buildup because the heart cannot pump blood well to the body and it gets backed up in the lungs

Question 10

Which type of heart failure causes oedema in body

Answer 10

Right sided heart failure. This is because the heart does not fill up properly with blood. This is because the muscle is larger and take more space. The blood gets backed up in the body such as feet and abdomen.

Question 11

Describe cardiac ouput

Answer 11

It is stroke volume x heart rate. When stroke volume is decreased or heart it affects the cardiac output.

Question 12

What are the most relevant FHP interventions for heart failure?

Answer 12

• Health perception and health management.
• activity-exercise
• coping-stress
• roles and relationships

Question 13

What is the presentation of angina?

Answer 13

Left arm and chest pain that stops with rest.

Question 14

What are the risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 14

• elevated LDL and triglycerides.
• hypertension
• high fat and salt diet
• obesity
• ethnicity
• family history of heart disease

Question 15

What are the modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 15

• Hypertension
• elevated serum lipids
• tabacco use
• alcohol intake
• physical inactivity
• obesity
• nutrition
• type 1 diabetes
• use of illicit drugs

Question 16

What are the non modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 16

• male gender
• ethnicity
• genetic predisposition (hypercholesterolemia)
• family history

Question 17

What is the progression of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 17

1) asymptomatic: chronic artery endothelial injury.
2) asymptomatic: arterial fatty streak & fibrous plagues.
3) complicated lesions: plaques ruptures. Thrombus or complete narrowing of artery.
4) chronic stable angina, acute coronary syndromes.

Question 18

What is the presentation of heart failure?

Answer 18

• progressive fatigue
• increased SOB
• cough
• paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (sudden breathlessness at night)
• weight change
• tachycardia
• oedema
• nocturia
• skin changes
• behavioural changes

Question 19

What are the risk factors of heart failure?

Answer 19

• history of cardiovascular disease
• history of myocardial infarction
• rheumatic fever

Question 20

What are statins used for?

Answer 20

To manage lipid levels

Question 21

What medications are used to reduce blood pressure?

Answer 21

Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
Thiazide diuretics
Vasodilators

Question 22

What medications are used for irregular heart beat?

Answer 22

Beta blocker

Calcium channel blocker

Question 23

What medications are used to manage clotting?

Answer 23

Anti-platelets

Anticoagulants

Question 24

What medications are used to manage chest pain?

Answer 24

GTN

Beta blocker

Question 25

What medication is used to decrease fluid?

Answer 25

Diuretic
ACE inhibitor
ARB

Question 26

What medication is used to decrease pre load?

Answer 26

Diuretic

Vasodilator

Question 27

What medication is used to decrease after load?

Answer 27

Vasodilator- GTN

Question 28

What medication is used to increase cardiac output?

Answer 28

Positive inotrope

Digoxin

Question 29

What do you need to monitor for people with cardiovascular disease?

Answer 29

• BP
• physical activity
• diet: low fat and salt
• weight

Question 30

What do you monitor for people with heart failure?

Answer 30

• BP
• fluid intake
• physical activity
• blood test
• nutrition: low salt, fat, sugar

Question 31

What are the interventions for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 31

• adequate exercise
• nutrition: low saturate fat and high fibre
• support with meds
• reduce risk factors such as smoking

Question 32

What are the intervention for someone who have progressed to coronary artery syndrome?

Answer 32

• help identify precipatory factors for angina
• teach clients signs of acute cardiac event and what to do
• annual flu and 5 year pneumonia vaccine
• use meds to prevent angina
• identify stressors and effective coping strategies
• activity modification
• support management with cardiac rehab

Question 33

What are the interventions for heart failure?

Answer 33

• gradual increase of activity to avoid fatigue and dyspnoea
• planned periods of rest
• identify stressors and effective coping strategies
• support with meds
• nutritional therapy: recognise and avoid high fat and sodium, fluid limits, daily weighs for fluid retention, recognise effects of hypokalaemia
• recognise decompensation and what to do
• annual flue vac and 5 year pneumonia vaccines
• reduce smoking
• encourage family and whanau when developing plans