cardiovascular Flashcards
Heart attack
death of cardiac muscle due to blockage of coronary arteries (recall bypass and angioplasty discussion from 111/151 lipids lecture)
- Coronary artery blocked heart attack
Stroke
death of nerve tissue in brain due to blockage or rupture of arteries in the brain
Aneurysm
swelling/expansion of artery due to weakness of artery wall (can burst causing stroke, bleeding, death)
Deep vein thrombosis
clots in the leg veins causing swelling, pooling of blood in legs. If dislodged can cause heart attack, stroke or pulmonary embolism
Blood clots
often due to arteriosclerosis and high cholesterol
Arteriosclerosis
deposits (plaques) that reduce diameter of arteries and may harden with Calcium, also rougher lining adds to clotting process
Hypertension
high blood pressure often genetic but risk factors include:
- Obestity
- Smoking
- Lack of exercise
- High sodium diet
- Fatty diet (with high LDL cholesterol)
- Stress
- Diabetes
- Genetic history
Angioplasty and bypass
Solutions for Gas Transport (e.g. Respiration)
- Simple Diffusion- protozoans, Porifera, Cnidarians, Ctenophores
- Skin- annelids, nematodes, amphibians (may also have lungs or gills)
- Gills- fish, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, larval amphibians
- Tracheae-insects
- Lungs-mammals, adult amphibians, most reptiles, spiders, some land snails
Main roles of cardiovascular system:
- Transport food and nutrients to all cells = Circulation
- Transport respiratory gases (O2 & CO2 delivery and removal) = Respiration
Internal surfaces of complex animals
Animals are mostly water…
- cell cytoplasm is mostly water
- plasma membranes must be surrounded by water to function
- interstitial fluid, which surrounds all cells, is mostly water
Cardiovascular system
Like plants, diffusion works over short distances
Titicaca frog – no lungs, no gills
Hellbender – no gills, lungs for buoyancy
Water vascular system in echinoderms
Internal gills crustaceans, mollusks, fishes
Insects use trachea
Terrestrial mollusks have lungs
Snakes have one lung
Larger organisms need circulatory systems
