Cardiovascular

Question 1

most vulnerable place, first place for degeneration

Answer 1

papillary muscle

hardest working

Question 2

heart failure means

Answer 2

compensatory mechanisms are exhausted. It is not a disease!!
- dec. contractility, compliance, fibrosis, arrhythmias

Question 3

cellular cardiac compensation

Answer 3

atrophy
hypertrophy * best method*
degeneration
necrosis
fibrosis

Question 4

histopathology of failure heart is

Answer 4

low yield

need gross and clinical history!

Question 5

hypertrophy requires

stimulus?

Answer 5

time, healthy myocardium, adequate nutrition

stimulus = stretching

Question 6

limit of hypertrophy?

Answer 6

often nutrition, then becomes dilated

Question 7

dilation vs. dcm

Answer 7

dcm is genetic, dilation is when hypertrophy is exhausted

Question 8

dilation is a result of

Answer 8

chronic volume overload

Question 9

other compensatory methods

Answer 9

• redistribution of blood flow (periph vasoconstriction, shunting)
• inc. in blood volume
• inc. HR

Question 10

acute failure v. chronic loss of pumping ability

Answer 10

syncope

vs. congestinve failure (syndrome not a disease)

Question 11

what type of hypertrophy makes the ventricles look the same size?
(Equalizer)

Answer 11

right hypertrophy

or dilation

Question 12

cor pulmonale

Answer 12

right ventricular hypertrophy and failure due to long term pulmonary hypertension (obstruction due to neoplasia, HW, PTE)

Question 13

**causes of right hypertrophy

Answer 13

pulm hypertension
congenital
tricuspid incompetence
cor pulmonale (HW, Neoplasia, PTE)

Question 14

double apex

Answer 14

R vent hypertrophy

Question 15

causes of left vent hypertrophy

Answer 15

• systemic hypertension
• congenital (aortic stenosis)
• mitral incompetence
• endocrine (hyper Thyroid, Acromegaly = both are growth on overdrive)

Question 16

sequela of right heart failure

Answer 16

hepatic congestion
ascites (dogs)
hydrothorax (cats)
pleural and pericardial effusion

Question 17

nutmeg liver

Answer 17

blood backing up and pooling around central veins due to R heart failure

Question 18

causes of L heart failure

Answer 18

myocarditis, necrosis in addition to all the causes of hypertrophy

Question 19

sequela of left heart failure

Answer 19

• pulmonary congestion, edema, fibrosis

- hemosiderosis in lungs from the heart failure cells

Question 20

common cardiac diseases in dogs

Answer 20

endocardiosis (degen)
congenital
dcm
hemopericardium

Question 21

common cardiac diseases in cats

Answer 21

HCM
hyperthyroid hypertrophy
congenital

Question 22

what does a true pre-mortum clot look like?

Answer 22

not tan/jelly

attached v. not attached to heart?

Question 23

considered a PDA after

Answer 23

5 days

Question 24

aortic/pulmonic stenosis location
what gets dilated?
what gets hypertrophic?

Answer 24

at the value or a little above or below

• the atrium
• ventricle

Question 25

subaortic stenosis causes ____ lesions from blood spurting

Answer 25

jet lesions

Question 26

Endocardial cushion defects: valvular dysplasia

which valves?
what happens?

Answer 26

• tricuspid, mitral
• malformed leaflets
• thickened cordae tendinae

Question 27

septal defect causes shunting from?
then hypertrophy where?
then what?

Answer 27

left to right
right hypertrophy
R P inc -> reversed shunt

Question 28

where is the septal defect most common?

Answer 28

high ventricular