Cardiovascular Flashcards
What does the bulbus cordis give rise to?
Smooth part (outflow tract) of the right and left ventricles
What does the truncus arteriosus (TA) give rise to?
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
What do the primitive atria give rise to?
Trabeculated parts of the left and right atria
What do the primitive ventricles give rise to?
Trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles
Primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to what?
Smooth part of left atria
Left horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?
Coronary sinus
Right horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?
Smooth part of right atrium
Right common cardinal vein and the right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what structure?
Superior vena cava (SVC)
The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk developed from what embryonic structure?
Truncus arteriosus (TA)
The smooth parts (outflow tracts) of the right and left ventricles developed from what embryonic structure?
Bulbus cordis
Trabeculated parts of right and left atria developed from what embryonic structure?
Primitive atria
Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricles developed from what embryonic structure?
Primitive ventricles
Smooth part of the left atrium developed from what embryonic structure?
Primitive pulmonary vein
The coronary sinus developed from what embryonic structure?
Left horn of the sinus venosus
Smooth part of right atrium developed from what embryonic structure?
Right horn of sinus venosus
Superior vena cava developed from what embryonic structure(s)?
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
What is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos?
The heart
By what point does an embryonic heart begin to spontaneously beat?
Week 4 of development
When does primary heart tube looping begin?
Begins week 4 of gestation
What establishes left right heart polarity?
Primary heart tube looping
What is the purpose of primary heart tube looping?
To establish left-right polarity of the heart
Defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what?
Dextrocardia (points to the right instead of left)
As seen in KARTAGENER SYNDROME (primary ciliary dyskinesia)
KARTAGENER syndrome
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Dextrocardia (points right) present due to l/r dynein defect
Patent foramen ovale caused by what?
Failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
Most left untreated
Can lead to paradoxical emboli (venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation) similar to those resulting from atrial septal defect (ASD)
Failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth is known as what?
Patent foramen ovale
Paradoxical emboli
Venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation
Seem with atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale
Venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation
Paradoxical emboli
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) occurs most commonly where?
Most commonly occurs in membranous septum
What type of heart defect is a VSD and why?
Acyanotic (doesn’t turn blue) b/c left to right shunt.
Right coronary artery (RCA) directly supplies what structures?
SA and AV nodes
Infarct of the right coronary artery may result in what?
Bradycardia or heart block
Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) supplies what?
Lateral and posterior walls of LEFT ventricle
What supplies the lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle?
Left circumflex coronary artery
What vessel supplies the SA and AV nodes?
Right coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies what structures?
Anterior 2/3 of inter ventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle and anterior surface of left ventricle
What supplies the anterior 2/3 of inter ventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle and anterior surface of left ventricle?
Left anterior descending artery
Posterior descending/interventricular artery (PDA) supplies what structures?
Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum and posterior walls of ventricles
What supplies the posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum and posterior walls of ventricles?
Posterior descending artery
Acute marginal artery supplies what?
Right ventricle
What supplies the right ventricle?
Acute marginal artery
Acute marginal artery is a branch if what?
Right coronary artery
LCX is a branch if what?
LCA
LAD is a branch if what?
LCA
Name 3 LCA branches
LCX
LAD
Left marginal artery
Which coronary artery is most often occluded?
LAD
Coronary blood flow peaks when?
Early diastole
What is the most posterior part if the heart?
Left atrium
Enlargement of the left atrium can cause what symptoms and why?
Dysphagia (difficulty/discomfort swallowing) - due to compression of esophagus
Hoarseness - due to compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)
Compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause what?
Hoarseness
Hoarseness can be caused by compression of what?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch if vagus)
Can be seen with enlargement if left atrium
Breakdown percentages of right, left, or co-dominant circulation and the related vessels
Right-dominant circulation =85% -PDA arises from RCA
Left-dominant circulation = 8% - PDA arises from LCX
Co-dominant circulation =7% - PDA arises from both LCX & RCA
Name 2 branches off of the RCA
Acute marginal artery
PDA
PDA arises from?
RCA and LCX (so ultimately LCA)
Cardiac output = ?
Stroke volume x heart rate
Stroke volume x heart rate = ?
Cardiac output
During early stages of exercise CO is maintained by what?
Increasing heart rate AND increasing stroke volume
During late stages of exercise CO is maintained by what
Increasing heart rate alone
Stroke volume plateaus
Ficks principle =?
CO = (rate of O2 consumption)/(arterial O2 content - venous O2 content)
Used for:
Mean arterial pressure = ?
MAP = CO x TPR MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
Remember: CO = SV x HR
- -> MAP = (SV x HR) x TPR
- -> MAP = ((EDV - ESV)xHR) x TPR
? = CO x TPR
MAP
Also: MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
? = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
MAP
Also: MAP = CO x TPR
Increased HR affects diastole how?
Preferentially shortens
Less filling time –> decreased CO
Ex: ventricular tachycardia
Pulse pressure =?
Pulse pressure = Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
How is pulse pressure related to stroke volume and arterial compliance?
Pulse pressure is proportional to SV
Pulse pressure is inversely proportional to arterial compliance
SV = ?
SV = EDV - ESV
? = EDV - ESV
SV = EDV - ESV
How is pulse pressure effected by hyperthyroidism?
Increased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by aortic regurgitation?
Increased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by obstructive sleep apnea?
Increased pulse pressure due to increased sympathetic tone
How is pulse pressure effected by exercise?
Transient increased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by aortic stenosis?
Decreased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by cardiogenic shock?
Decreased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by cardiac tamponade?
Decreased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by advanced heart failure?
Decreased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, aortic stenosis, and advanced heart failure?
Decreased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by arteriosclerosis?
Increased pulse pressure
How is pulse pressure effected by aortic regurgitation, arteriosclerosis, obstructive sleep apnea, and exercise?
Increased pulse pressure
Stroke volume is effected by what?
SV CAP
Stroke Volume affected by Contractility, Afterload, and Preload
Inc SV = inc Contractility, inc Preload OR decrease in Afterload
How will Increasing contractility affect SV?
Increased SV
How will increasing preload affect SV?
Increase SV
How will increasing afterload affect SV?
Decrease SV
