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First Aid (2014) > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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0
Q

What does the bulbus cordis give rise to?

A

Smooth part (outflow tract) of the right and left ventricles

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1
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus (TA) give rise to?

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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2
Q

What do the primitive atria give rise to?

A

Trabeculated parts of the left and right atria

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3
Q

What do the primitive ventricles give rise to?

A

Trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles

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4
Q

Primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to what?

A

Smooth part of left atria

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5
Q

Left horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?

A

Coronary sinus

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6
Q

Right horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?

A

Smooth part of right atrium

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7
Q

Right common cardinal vein and the right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what structure?

A

Superior vena cava (SVC)

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8
Q

The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Truncus arteriosus (TA)

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9
Q

The smooth parts (outflow tracts) of the right and left ventricles developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Bulbus cordis

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10
Q

Trabeculated parts of right and left atria developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Primitive atria

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11
Q

Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricles developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Primitive ventricles

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12
Q

Smooth part of the left atrium developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Primitive pulmonary vein

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13
Q

The coronary sinus developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Left horn of the sinus venosus

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14
Q

Smooth part of right atrium developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Right horn of sinus venosus

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15
Q

Superior vena cava developed from what embryonic structure(s)?

A

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

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16
Q

What is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos?

A

The heart

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17
Q

By what point does an embryonic heart begin to spontaneously beat?

A

Week 4 of development

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18
Q

When does primary heart tube looping begin?

A

Begins week 4 of gestation

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19
Q

What establishes left right heart polarity?

A

Primary heart tube looping

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20
Q

What is the purpose of primary heart tube looping?

A

To establish left-right polarity of the heart

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21
Q

Defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what?

A

Dextrocardia (points to the right instead of left)

As seen in KARTAGENER SYNDROME (primary ciliary dyskinesia)

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22
Q

KARTAGENER syndrome

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Dextrocardia (points right) present due to l/r dynein defect

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23
Q

Patent foramen ovale caused by what?

A

Failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth

Most left untreated

Can lead to paradoxical emboli (venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation) similar to those resulting from atrial septal defect (ASD)

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24
Failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth is known as what?
Patent foramen ovale
25
Paradoxical emboli
Venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation Seem with atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale
26
Venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation
Paradoxical emboli
27
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) occurs most commonly where?
Most commonly occurs in membranous septum
28
What type of heart defect is a VSD and why?
Acyanotic (doesn't turn blue) b/c left to right shunt.
29
Right coronary artery (RCA) directly supplies what structures?
SA and AV nodes
30
Infarct of the right coronary artery may result in what?
Bradycardia or heart block
31
Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) supplies what?
Lateral and posterior walls of LEFT ventricle
32
What supplies the lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle?
Left circumflex coronary artery
33
What vessel supplies the SA and AV nodes?
Right coronary artery
34
Left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies what structures?
Anterior 2/3 of inter ventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle and anterior surface of left ventricle
35
What supplies the anterior 2/3 of inter ventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle and anterior surface of left ventricle?
Left anterior descending artery
36
Posterior descending/interventricular artery (PDA) supplies what structures?
Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum and posterior walls of ventricles
37
What supplies the posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum and posterior walls of ventricles?
Posterior descending artery
38
Acute marginal artery supplies what?
Right ventricle
39
What supplies the right ventricle?
Acute marginal artery
40
Acute marginal artery is a branch if what?
Right coronary artery
41
LCX is a branch if what?
LCA
42
LAD is a branch if what?
LCA
43
Name 3 LCA branches
LCX LAD Left marginal artery
44
Which coronary artery is most often occluded?
LAD
45
Coronary blood flow peaks when?
Early diastole
46
What is the most posterior part if the heart?
Left atrium
47
Enlargement of the left atrium can cause what symptoms and why?
Dysphagia (difficulty/discomfort swallowing) - due to compression of esophagus Hoarseness - due to compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)
48
Compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause what?
Hoarseness
49
Hoarseness can be caused by compression of what?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch if vagus) Can be seen with enlargement if left atrium
50
Breakdown percentages of right, left, or co-dominant circulation and the related vessels
Right-dominant circulation =85% -PDA arises from RCA Left-dominant circulation = 8% - PDA arises from LCX Co-dominant circulation =7% - PDA arises from both LCX & RCA
51
Name 2 branches off of the RCA
Acute marginal artery PDA
52
PDA arises from?
RCA and LCX (so ultimately LCA)
53
Cardiac output = ?
Stroke volume x heart rate
54
Stroke volume x heart rate = ?
Cardiac output
55
During early stages of exercise CO is maintained by what?
Increasing heart rate AND increasing stroke volume
56
During late stages of exercise CO is maintained by what
Increasing heart rate alone Stroke volume plateaus
57
Ficks principle =?
CO = (rate of O2 consumption)/(arterial O2 content - venous O2 content) Used for:
58
Mean arterial pressure = ?
``` MAP = CO x TPR MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure ``` Remember: CO = SV x HR - -> MAP = (SV x HR) x TPR - -> MAP = ((EDV - ESV)xHR) x TPR
59
? = CO x TPR
MAP Also: MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
60
? = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
MAP Also: MAP = CO x TPR
61
Increased HR affects diastole how?
Preferentially shortens Less filling time --> decreased CO Ex: ventricular tachycardia
62
Pulse pressure =?
Pulse pressure = Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
63
How is pulse pressure related to stroke volume and arterial compliance?
Pulse pressure is proportional to SV Pulse pressure is inversely proportional to arterial compliance
64
SV = ?
SV = EDV - ESV
65
? = EDV - ESV
SV = EDV - ESV
66
How is pulse pressure effected by hyperthyroidism?
Increased pulse pressure
67
How is pulse pressure effected by aortic regurgitation?
Increased pulse pressure
68
How is pulse pressure effected by obstructive sleep apnea?
Increased pulse pressure due to increased sympathetic tone
69
How is pulse pressure effected by exercise?
Transient increased pulse pressure
70
How is pulse pressure effected by aortic stenosis?
Decreased pulse pressure
71
How is pulse pressure effected by cardiogenic shock?
Decreased pulse pressure
72
How is pulse pressure effected by cardiac tamponade?
Decreased pulse pressure
73
How is pulse pressure effected by advanced heart failure?
Decreased pulse pressure
74
How is pulse pressure effected by cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, aortic stenosis, and advanced heart failure?
Decreased pulse pressure
75
How is pulse pressure effected by arteriosclerosis?
Increased pulse pressure
76
How is pulse pressure effected by aortic regurgitation, arteriosclerosis, obstructive sleep apnea, and exercise?
Increased pulse pressure
77
Stroke volume is effected by what?
SV CAP Stroke Volume affected by Contractility, Afterload, and Preload Inc SV = inc Contractility, inc Preload OR decrease in Afterload
78
How will Increasing contractility affect SV?
Increased SV
79
How will increasing preload affect SV?
Increase SV
80
How will increasing afterload affect SV?
Decrease SV

First Aid (2014) (5 decks)

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