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First Aid (2014) > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

0
Q

What does the bulbus cordis give rise to?

A

Smooth part (outflow tract) of the right and left ventricles

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1
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus (TA) give rise to?

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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2
Q

What do the primitive atria give rise to?

A

Trabeculated parts of the left and right atria

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3
Q

What do the primitive ventricles give rise to?

A

Trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles

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4
Q

Primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to what?

A

Smooth part of left atria

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5
Q

Left horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?

A

Coronary sinus

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6
Q

Right horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?

A

Smooth part of right atrium

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7
Q

Right common cardinal vein and the right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what structure?

A

Superior vena cava (SVC)

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8
Q

The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Truncus arteriosus (TA)

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9
Q

The smooth parts (outflow tracts) of the right and left ventricles developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Bulbus cordis

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10
Q

Trabeculated parts of right and left atria developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Primitive atria

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11
Q

Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricles developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Primitive ventricles

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12
Q

Smooth part of the left atrium developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Primitive pulmonary vein

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13
Q

The coronary sinus developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Left horn of the sinus venosus

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14
Q

Smooth part of right atrium developed from what embryonic structure?

A

Right horn of sinus venosus

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15
Q

Superior vena cava developed from what embryonic structure(s)?

A

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

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16
Q

What is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos?

A

The heart

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17
Q

By what point does an embryonic heart begin to spontaneously beat?

A

Week 4 of development

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18
Q

When does primary heart tube looping begin?

A

Begins week 4 of gestation

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19
Q

What establishes left right heart polarity?

A

Primary heart tube looping

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20
Q

What is the purpose of primary heart tube looping?

A

To establish left-right polarity of the heart

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21
Q

Defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what?

A

Dextrocardia (points to the right instead of left)

As seen in KARTAGENER SYNDROME (primary ciliary dyskinesia)

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22
Q

KARTAGENER syndrome

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Dextrocardia (points right) present due to l/r dynein defect

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23
Q

Patent foramen ovale caused by what?

A

Failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth

Most left untreated

Can lead to paradoxical emboli (venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation) similar to those resulting from atrial septal defect (ASD)

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24
Q

Failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth is known as what?

A

Patent foramen ovale

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25
Q

Paradoxical emboli

A

Venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation

Seem with atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale

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26
Q

Venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation

A

Paradoxical emboli

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27
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) occurs most commonly where?

A

Most commonly occurs in membranous septum

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28
Q

What type of heart defect is a VSD and why?

A

Acyanotic (doesn’t turn blue) b/c left to right shunt.

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29
Q

Right coronary artery (RCA) directly supplies what structures?

A

SA and AV nodes

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30
Q

Infarct of the right coronary artery may result in what?

A

Bradycardia or heart block

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31
Q

Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) supplies what?

A

Lateral and posterior walls of LEFT ventricle

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32
Q

What supplies the lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle?

A

Left circumflex coronary artery

33
Q

What vessel supplies the SA and AV nodes?

A

Right coronary artery

34
Q

Left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies what structures?

A

Anterior 2/3 of inter ventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle and anterior surface of left ventricle

35
Q

What supplies the anterior 2/3 of inter ventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle and anterior surface of left ventricle?

A

Left anterior descending artery

36
Q

Posterior descending/interventricular artery (PDA) supplies what structures?

A

Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum and posterior walls of ventricles

37
Q

What supplies the posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum and posterior walls of ventricles?

A

Posterior descending artery

38
Q

Acute marginal artery supplies what?

A

Right ventricle

39
Q

What supplies the right ventricle?

A

Acute marginal artery

40
Q

Acute marginal artery is a branch if what?

A

Right coronary artery

41
Q

LCX is a branch if what?

A

LCA

42
Q

LAD is a branch if what?

A

LCA

43
Q

Name 3 LCA branches

A

LCX
LAD
Left marginal artery

44
Q

Which coronary artery is most often occluded?

A

LAD

45
Q

Coronary blood flow peaks when?

A

Early diastole

46
Q

What is the most posterior part if the heart?

A

Left atrium

47
Q

Enlargement of the left atrium can cause what symptoms and why?

A

Dysphagia (difficulty/discomfort swallowing) - due to compression of esophagus

Hoarseness - due to compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)

48
Q

Compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause what?

A

Hoarseness

49
Q

Hoarseness can be caused by compression of what?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch if vagus)

Can be seen with enlargement if left atrium

50
Q

Breakdown percentages of right, left, or co-dominant circulation and the related vessels

A

Right-dominant circulation =85% -PDA arises from RCA

Left-dominant circulation = 8% - PDA arises from LCX

Co-dominant circulation =7% - PDA arises from both LCX & RCA

51
Q

Name 2 branches off of the RCA

A

Acute marginal artery

PDA

52
Q

PDA arises from?

A

RCA and LCX (so ultimately LCA)

53
Q

Cardiac output = ?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

54
Q

Stroke volume x heart rate = ?

A

Cardiac output

55
Q

During early stages of exercise CO is maintained by what?

A

Increasing heart rate AND increasing stroke volume

56
Q

During late stages of exercise CO is maintained by what

A

Increasing heart rate alone

Stroke volume plateaus

57
Q

Ficks principle =?

A

CO = (rate of O2 consumption)/(arterial O2 content - venous O2 content)

Used for:

58
Q

Mean arterial pressure = ?

A 
MAP = CO x TPR
MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

Remember: CO = SV x HR

  • -> MAP = (SV x HR) x TPR
  • -> MAP = ((EDV - ESV)xHR) x TPR
59
Q

? = CO x TPR

A

MAP

Also: MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

60
Q

? = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

A

MAP

Also: MAP = CO x TPR

61
Q

Increased HR affects diastole how?

A

Preferentially shortens

Less filling time –> decreased CO

Ex: ventricular tachycardia

62
Q

Pulse pressure =?

A

Pulse pressure = Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

63
Q

How is pulse pressure related to stroke volume and arterial compliance?

A

Pulse pressure is proportional to SV

Pulse pressure is inversely proportional to arterial compliance

64
Q

SV = ?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

65
Q

? = EDV - ESV

A

SV = EDV - ESV

66
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by hyperthyroidism?

A

Increased pulse pressure

67
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by aortic regurgitation?

A

Increased pulse pressure

68
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by obstructive sleep apnea?

A

Increased pulse pressure due to increased sympathetic tone

69
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by exercise?

A

Transient increased pulse pressure

70
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by aortic stenosis?

A

Decreased pulse pressure

71
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by cardiogenic shock?

A

Decreased pulse pressure

72
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by cardiac tamponade?

A

Decreased pulse pressure

73
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by advanced heart failure?

A

Decreased pulse pressure

74
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, aortic stenosis, and advanced heart failure?

A

Decreased pulse pressure

75
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by arteriosclerosis?

A

Increased pulse pressure

76
Q

How is pulse pressure effected by aortic regurgitation, arteriosclerosis, obstructive sleep apnea, and exercise?

A

Increased pulse pressure

77
Q

Stroke volume is effected by what?

A

SV CAP

Stroke Volume affected by Contractility, Afterload, and Preload

Inc SV = inc Contractility, inc Preload OR decrease in Afterload

78
Q

How will Increasing contractility affect SV?

A

Increased SV

79
Q

How will increasing preload affect SV?

A

Increase SV

80
Q

How will increasing afterload affect SV?

A

Decrease SV

First Aid (2014) (5 decks)

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