Cardiovascular Flashcards
Infection screen questions
Fever, fatigue, night sweats, unexplained weight loss
Top to toe:
- Headache
- Cough, sore throat
- Abdo pain, diarrhoea, vomiting
- Urinary burning and frequency
- Rashes, ulcers
- Muscle aches
ACS:
- Symptoms?
- Risk factors?
Chest pain: central/left, may radiate to jaw/neck/shoulder/arm/back/epigastrium; exertion worsens, however inspiration/palpation does not affect
SOB
N&V, sweating
DIzziness
Have you or anyone in your family ever had a history of heart attacks, stents, or bypasses? (What age)
Do you suffer from or take tablets for high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol?
Do you smoke?
Heart failure
- Symptoms?
- Risk factors?
Right heart failure: ankle swelling (bilateral), weight gain
Left heart failure: SOB (orthopnoea + PND), pink frothy sputum
Chest pain
Fatigue
Syncope/fainting
Past + family history: have you or anyone in your family been diagnosed with heart failure? Have you been prescribed fluid tablets, or been told to restrict your fluids?
Heart conditions: ACS, arrhythmias, valvular diseases, myocardial disease, pericardial disease
Metabolic syndrome
Lung conditions
Kidney disease
Upregulation: hyperthyroidism, anemia, pregnancy
Chemotherapy drugs: doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide
AOD: alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine
Heart failure exacerbations
F: forgot medications/fluid restrictions
A: arrhythmias, sleep apnoea
I: infection, ischemia/infarction
L: lifestyle (too much salt)
U: upregulation of CO (hyperthyroidism, anaemia, pregnancy)
R: renal failure
E: pulmonary embolism
Aortic dissection
- Symptoms?
- Risk factors?
Tearing chest pain
- Radiation to back +-neck & shoulders
Tearing down: abdominal pain
Tearing up: neck pain, headache, focal neurological symptoms
Dizziness/syncope
Risk factors:
- As per ACS
- Connective tissue disorders eg. Marfan syndrome, Ehler’s Danlos syndrome
Myocarditis, pericarditis
- Symptoms?
- Risk factors?
Symptoms
- Chest pain: pleuritic, worse lying down and better sitting up/leaning forward
- SOB
- Systemic symptoms: fever, fatigue, myalgia
Risk factors
- Recent infection (infection screen)
- Systemic conditions: automminue (eg. lupus, RA, vasculitis), CKD (uremia), lung cancer
- Recent heart attack (a complication)
- Anticonvulsant drugs (eg. clozapine)
Pericardial effusion/tamponade
- Symptoms
- Risk factors
Symptoms
- Chest pain: pleuritic, worse lying down and better sitting up/leaning forward
- SOB
- Dizziness/syncope
- Palpitations
Risk factors
- As per myocarditis/pericarditis
- Chest trauma including heart surgery
- Aortic dissection (screen for separately)
Arrhythmias
- Risk factors?
Heart diseases
* ACS
* Valvular diseases
* CCF, myopathy, myocarditis
* Pericarditis
* Congenital heart defects
Previous heart surgery
Metabolic syndrome, OSA
Thyroid issues
Infections
Medications
AOD, smoking, illicit drugs (cocaine and amphetamines)
Atrial tachyarrhythmias
- Symptoms
- Precipitating factors
- Complicating factors
Symptoms
- Palpitations
- Rest as per AMI
Precipitating factors
- Medication compliance
- Alcohol, caffeine, smoking, drugs
- Infection (do infection screen)
- Stress and exercise
- Hyperthyroid
- PE
Complicating factors
- Embolism: stroke (only if AF; focal neuro symptoms), PE
- Reduced CO: AMI (already asked symptoms of), heart failure
Brady arrhythmias
- Symptoms
Symptoms
- Chest pain
- SOB
- Dizziness/fainting
Valvular disease
- Symptoms
- Risk factors
Symptoms
- Chest pain (exertional)
- SOB
- Syncope
RISK FACTORS
Structural
- CVD risk factors
- Connective tissue disease
- Abnormal heart valves
- Aortic dissection
Inflammation
- Infective endocarditis
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Autoimmune diseases: RA, ankylosing spondylitis
- Syphilis
Rheumatic heart disease
- Symptoms
- Risk factors
Infective endocarditis
- Symptoms
- Risk factors
Peripheral vascular disease
- Symptoms
- Risk factors
