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anaphy > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

closed system of the heart and lood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

heart pumps _______

A

blood

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3
Q

this allows blood to circulate to all parts of the body

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells

A

cardiovascular system

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5
Q
A
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5
Q

relative to the size of the body, it’s the size of a fist

A

heart

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6
Q

what is the weight of a heart

A

less than a pound

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7
Q

location of the heart

A

lower mediastinum

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8
Q

a double-walled sac, keeps heart in place, made up of 3 layers

A

pericardium

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9
Q

anchors heart to surrounding structure

A

outer fibrous layer

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10
Q

loose & superficial

A

outer fibrous layer

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11
Q

deep to the fibrous pericardium; slippery and two-layered

A

inner serous membrane pair

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12
Q

lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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13
Q

part of the heart wall

A

visceral pericardium or epicardium

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14
Q

this prevents the blood from accumulating

A

inner serous membrane pair

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15
Q

produced by the serous pericardial membranes and collects in the pericardial cavity between these serous layers

A

lubricating serous fluid

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16
Q

this fluid allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless environment as the serous pericardial layers slide smoothly across each other

A

pericardium

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17
Q

walls of the heart

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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18
Q

outside layer; the visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

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19
Q

middle layer; layer that contracts; thickest layer

A

myocardium

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20
Q

linked together by intercalated discs, which contain both desmosomes and gap junctions

A

myocardial cells

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21
Q

skeleton of the heart

A

reinforced internally by a network of dense fibrous connective tissues

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22
Q

inner layer known as _______

it also lines the heart chambers

A

endocardium;endothelium

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23
Q

the heart has 4 hollow cavities or chambers, that are lined with endocardium

A

2 atria and 2 ventricles

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24
Q

receiving chambers; assist with filling the ventricles

A

superior atria

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25
Q

blood flows into the _____ under low pressure from the veins of the body and then continues on to fill the ventricles

A

atria

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26
Q

discharging chambers; pumping of the heart

A

inferior, thick-walled ventricles

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27
Q

when they contract what happens to the blood

A

blood is propelled out of the heart and into circulation

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28
Q

forms most of the heart’s anterior surface

A

right ventricle

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28
Q

separates the two atria longitudinally

A

interatrial septum

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28
Q

forms its apex

A

left ventricle

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29
Q

separates the two ventricles longitudinally

A

interventricular septum

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30
Q

heart functions as ________

A

double pump

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30
Q

Receives __________ blood from the _______ of the body through the large superior and inferior ________ and pumps it through the ____________

A

oxygen-poor; veins; vena cava; pulmonary trunk

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31
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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32
Q

carry blood back to the heart

A

veins

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33
Q

right side works as

A

pulmonary circuit pump

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34
Q

left side works as

A

systemic circuit

35
Q

carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart; Blood flows from right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs; then back to the left side

A

pulmonary

36
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

Organ system → Deoxygenated blood → IVC, SVC, and Coronary Sinus (drains blood)→ Right atrium → Tricuspid valve (this will open once the pressure of the blood increases) → Right ventricle → Pulmonary semilunar valve → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries →Lungs (exchange of gases) → Pulmonary veins (already oxygenated) Away from the heart

37
Q

o Blood is pumped out of the right side through the ____________, which splits into pulmonary arteries and takes oxygen-poor blood to _______

o Oxygen-rich blood returns to the _______ from
the lungs via the _________

A

pulmonary trunk; lungs

heart; 4 pulmonary veins

38
Q

systemic circulation

A

From pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Bicuspid valve → Left ventricle → Aortic semilunar valve → Aorta → Systemic arteries → Back to organ system

39
Q

in systemic circulation blood circulates to ________ and to _________

A

systemic arteries; all body tissues

40
Q

has thicker walls because it pumps blood over a much longer pathway

A

left ventricle

41
Q

___________ returns to the right atrium via systemic veins; which empty blood into the superior or inferior vena cava.

A

oxygen-poor blood

42
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract

A

heart valves

43
Q

valve between the atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular

44
Q

bicuspid valve (2 flaps of endocardium)

A

left av valve

45
Q

tricuspid valve (3 flaps)

A

right av valve

46
Q

anchors the cusps in place and makes the valve flaps open or close to the walls of the ventricles

A

chordae tendineae

47
Q

av valve ______ during heart relaxation

A

open

48
Q

av valve _____ during venticular contraction

A

closes

49
Q

operation of the AV valves

A
  1. blood returning to the atria puts pressure against AV valves; the AV valves are forced open
  2. as the ventricles fill, AV valve cusps hang limply into ventricles
  3. Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles
  4. ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps
  5. AV valves closes
  6. chordae tendinaea tighten, preventing valve cusps everything into atria
50
Q

valve between ventricle and artery; pulomonary and aortic

A

semilunar valves

51
Q

pulmonary and aortic semilunar valve

_______ during heart relaxation
_______ during ventricular contraction

A

closed; open

52
Q

operations of semilunar valves

A
  1. as ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open
  2. as the ventricles relax and intravenous pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close
53
Q

blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium

A

cardiac circulation

54
Q

branch from aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

A

coronary arteries

55
Q

Major branches are compressed when the ventricles are _______ and fill when
the heart is _________

A

contracting; relaxed

56
Q

Anterior interventricular artery and
circumflex artery on the _____

A

left

57
Q

Posterior Interventricular artery and
Marginal artery on the _____

A

right

58
Q

drain the myocardium of blood,
collects deoxygenated blood

A

cardiac veins

59
Q

a large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins

A

coronary sinus

60
Q

Blood empties into right atrium via _________

A

Coronary sinus

61
Q

___________ contracts spontaneously and
independently of nerve impulses

A

Cardiac muscle

62
Q

true or false

heart rate is being controlled by the veins

A

false; controlled by the heart

63
Q

nodes that make impulses

A

nodal system

64
Q

beat 60 times per minute

A

atrial cells

65
Q

a) Female: __-__ beat per minute
b) Male: __-__ beats per minute

A

a) 60-82
b) 70-90

66
Q

atrial cells beats faster because of the _________

A

small chamber

67
Q

ventricular cells beats smaller because of the _______

A

big chamber

68
Q

ventrocular cells beat __-__ times per minute

A

20-40

69
Q
  • Dependent of that the control system
  • Sets the heart rhythm
  • Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute
  • Regulate and monitor blood pressure
A

intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

70
Q

system that has involuntary movement

A

autonomic nervous system

71
Q

Intrinsic Conduction System, or Nodal System ensures heart muscle depolarization in ____ direction only (atria to ventricles)

A

one

72
Q
  • start each heartbeat
  • often called the pacemaker
A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

73
Q

Fill in the blanks

Process of Sinoatrial node (SA node)
1. sinoatrial node starts each heartbeat and is located in the ________
2. impulse spreads through the atria to the ______
3. atria ______
4. at the _______, the impulse is delayed briefly (let atria finish contracting)
5. Impulse travels through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
6. ________ contract; blood is ejected from the heart

A
  1. left atrium
  2. AV node (atrioventicular node)
  3. atria contracts
  4. AV node
  5. -
  6. ventricles
74
Q

rapid heart rate, over 100 bpm

A

tachycardia

75
Q

slow heart rate, less than 60 bpm

A

bradycardia

76
Q

refers to one complete heartbeat, in which both atria and ventricles contract then relax

A

cardiac cycle

77
Q

systole - _______
distole - _______

A

contraction; relaxation

78
Q

the average heart rate

A

approx. 75 bpm

79
Q

cardiac cycle length

A

normally 0.8 secs

80
Q

SA node creates nerves impulses and distributes it in the atrium

A

Atrial Diastole (ventricular filling)

81
Q

Fill in the blank
Atrial Diastole (ventricular filling)

  • _______ and ______ valves are opened
  • Heart is _____
  • Pressure in heart is _____
  • AV Valves are _____
  • Blood flows passively into the _____ & into ______
  • ___________ are closed
A
  • tricuspid; bicuspid
  • relaxed
  • low
  • open
  • atria; ventricles
  • Semilunar valves
82
Q

Nerve impulse reaches the AV node causing the atria to contract

A

atrial systole

83
Q

Fill in the blanks

Atrial systole
- _______ remain in diastole as Atria ______
- _____ is forced into the ventricles to complete
ventricular ____

A
  • ventricles; contract
  • blood; filling
84
Q

Transmission of nerve impulses in the AV bundle –l & R bundle branches – purkinje fibers

A

Isovolumetric contraction

85
Q

Fill in the blanks

Isovolumentric contraction
- Atrial systole ____; ventricular systole ____
- Intraventricular pressure ____
- _______ valves close
- For a moment, the ventricles are completely _____ chambers

A
  • ends; begins
  • rises
  • AV valves
  • closed
86
Q

ejection phase

A

ventricular systole

87
Q

Fill in the blanks

Ventricular systole
- ___________ continue to contract
- Intraventricular pressure now surpasses the pressure in the _____________ leaving the heart
- Semilunar valves _______
- Blood is _______ from the ventricles
- Atria is _______ and filling with blood

A
  • ventricle
  • major arteries
  • open
  • ejected
  • relaxed
88
Q

an interval in the cardiac cycle that occurs between aortic component (second heart sound) closure and mitral valve opening (the starting point of filling)

A

isovolumetric relaxation

89
Q

Fill in the blanks

Isovolumetric Relaxation

  • Ventricular diastole begins
  • Pressure falls below that in the major arteries
  • Semilunar valves close
  • the ventricles are completely closed chambers
  • When atrial pressure increases above
    intraventricular pressure, the AV valves open
  • The cycle repeats
A

anaphy (5 decks)

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