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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs that affect the FORCE of myocardial contraction.

A

Inotropic drugs

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2
Q

Drugs that affect the rate of formation of impulse in SA node.

A

Chronotropic drugs

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3
Q

Drugs that affect the speed of conduction of impulse through myocardium.

A

Dromotropic drugs

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4
Q

Drugs that are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart.

A

Antiarrhythmic drugs

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5
Q

Drugs that dilates arteries and/or veins to improve cardiac output.

A

Vasodilators

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6
Q

Agents that have both vasodilators and positive inotropic properties

A

Inodilators

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7
Q

Inotropic Drugs groups

A
  1. Cardiac Glycosides
  2. Sympathomimetics
  3. Bypyridine derivative (Inodilators)
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8
Q

Drugs under Cardiac Glycosides

A
  1. Digoxin
  2. Digitoxin
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9
Q

Drugs under sympathomimetics inotropic drugs

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Isoproterenol
  3. Dopamine
  4. Dobutamine
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10
Q

Common inodilator

A

Pimobendan

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11
Q

Drugs under ACE inhibitors

A
  1. Enalapril
  2. Captopril
  3. Benazepril
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12
Q

Give 4 other Vasodilators

A
  1. Prazosin
  2. Hydralazine
  3. Nitrovasodilators
  4. Calcium blockers
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13
Q

Class 1 Anti-arrhythmic drugs
(Sodium Channel Blockers)

A
  1. Subclass 1a
    -Quinidine
    -Procainamide
    -Disopyroramide
  2. Subclass 1b
    -Lidocaine
    -Phenytoin
    -Tocainude
    -Maxiletin
    -Aprindin
  3. Subclass 1c
    -Encainamide
    -Lorcainude
    -Flecainide
    -Profenone
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14
Q

Class 2 Anti-arrhythmic Drugs

A

Beta Adrenergic Blockers

  1. Propanolol
  2. Pindololand
  3. Timolol
  4. Metoprolol
  5. Alprenolol
  6. Sotalol
  7. Esmolol
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15
Q

Class 3 Anti-arrhythmic Drugs

A

(Potassium Channel Blockers)

  1. Bretylium
  2. Amiodarone
  3. Sotalol
  4. Dofetilide
  5. Ibutilide
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16
Q

Class 4 Anti-arrhythmic Drugs

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

  1. Verapamil
  2. Diltiazem
  3. Bepridil
  4. Nifedipine
  5. Amlodipine
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17
Q

Phase 4

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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18
Q

Phase 0

A

Rapid Depolarization

Note: Inward of Na+

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19
Q

Phase 1

A

Initial repolarization

Note: Outward K+

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20
Q

Phase 2

A

Plateau phase

Note:
- Delayed repolarization
- Inward of Ca+ (L-type Channels)

*Not found in pacemaker action potential

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21
Q

Phase 3

A

Repolarization phase

Note:
-Open K+ channels
-Inactive Ca+ Channels

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22
Q

Slow Response Action Potential

A

Pacemaker Action Potential
(SA and AV node)

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23
Q

Cardiac Glycosides are drugs derive from what species?

A

Purple Fox Gloves plant species
Digitalis purpurea

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24
Q

MOA of Cardiac Glycosides as Cardiovascular drug

A

Reversibly bind to the alpha subunits of the Na+ K+ ATPase pump

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25
Q

T/F
Ouabain can be given orally.

A

False
It is given only by injection

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26
Q

Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure

A

Cardiac Glycosides

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27
Q

T/F
Cardiac Glycosides has low margin of safety.

28
Q

Conditions that may lead CHF.

A
  1. Cardiomyopathy
  2. Hypertension
  3. Valvular Disease
29
Q

Drug of choice for Supraventricular arrhythmia with concurrent heart failure

A

Cardiac Glycosides

30
Q

Most toxic effect of Cardiac Glycosides

A

Ventricular fibrillation

31
Q

T/F
K+ can reverse the Digitalis Toxicity

32
Q

T/F
Digitoxin is recommended for cats.

A

False
Digoxin

33
Q

MOA of sympathomimetics

A

Increase cardiac contractility by stimulating B-1 receptors in the heart.

34
Q

Action of sympathomimetics

A
  1. Increase Cardiac output
  2. Increase Blood Pressure
  3. Increase Blood Glucose Level
35
Q

Preparation for Epinephrine solution

A

1 ml of epinephrine for 9 ml sterile water
0.5 ml of epinephrine for 4.5 sterile water

36
Q

T/F
Epinephrine has beta activity only.

A

False
It has Alpha and Beta Activity

37
Q

Drug use for emergency management of heart failure.

A

Dobutamine

38
Q

T/F
Dobutamine is direct B-1 adrenergic agent.

39
Q

Emergency management for Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Dobutamine

40
Q

MOA of Pimobendan as positive inotropic.

A

Inhibits phosphodiesterase III activity to reduce the breakdown of cAMP

41
Q

MOA of Pimobendan as Vasodilator

A

Inhibits phosphodiesterases III and V in the vascular smooth muscle.
Protein Kinase C is inactivated and Intracellular calcium is decreased causing the dilation.

42
Q

T/F
Venous dilation reduces afterload.

A

False
Preload because it venous.

43
Q

T/F
Arterial vasodilation reduces afterload.

44
Q

Drug indicated for Myxomatous Mitral Valvular Disease (MMVD)

A

Pimobendan

45
Q

Effective drug for treating myocardial failure in dog.

A

Milrinone (Inodilator)

46
Q

Aside from Pimobendan what other drugs are inodilators

A

Inamrinone
Milrinone

47
Q

Types of Vasodilator Drugs

A
  1. Balance/ Mix vasodilators
  2. Arteriolar Vasodilators
48
Q

MOA of ACE inhibitors

A

Blocks the enzyme ACE that convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the RAAS

49
Q

Drugs under balance vasodilators - ACE inhibitors

A

Usually ends with -pril

  1. Enalapril
  2. Imidapril
  3. Benazepril
50
Q

Effects of Angiotensin II

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Aldosterone Release (Na+ reabsorption+ K+ wasting)
  3. ADH secretion (water retention)

=Volume overload and Hypertension
=More Workload

51
Q

Drug for Chronic management of heart failure

A

ACE inhibitors

52
Q

Benazepril and Spironolactone combination

A

Heart Failure in dogs

53
Q

Adverse effect of ACE inhibitors

A

Systemic hypotension

54
Q

MOA of Nitrovasodilators

A

Activate the enzyme guanylate cyclase

55
Q

Drugs that belongs to Nitrovasodilators

A
  1. Nitroprusside
  2. Nitroglycerin
  3. Isosorbide dinitriate
56
Q

Arteriolar Vasodilators

A
  1. Hydralazine
  2. Calcium Channel Blockers
57
Q

MOA of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Inhibits L-type calcium channels to suppress Ca++ influx through plasma membrane

58
Q

Group of Calcium Channel Blockers

A
  1. Dihydropyridine
    -Amlodipine
    -Nifedipine
  2. Nondihydropyridine
    -Diltiazem
    -Verapamil
59
Q

Define Flutter

A

Very rapid but regular contractions

60
Q

Define Fibrillation

A

Disorganized, irregular, unsynchronized contractile activity

61
Q

Defines as the automatic or spontaneous depolarization of pacemaker cells

A

Automaticity

62
Q

Causes of Arrhythmias

A
  1. Altered automaticity
  2. Disturbance of impulse conduction
63
Q

Abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly

A

Heart block

64
Q

Diagnose of Arrhythmias is done through what?

A
  1. Auscultation
  2. Electrocardiography
65
Q

Treatment for Bradyarrhythmias

A
  1. Atropine
  2. Propantheline bromide

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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