CARDIOVASCULAR

Question 1

What is anticipatory rise?

Answer 1

An increase in heart rate before exercise caused by adrenaline.

Question 2

What is possible risk of having high cholesteral?

Answer 2

Stroke/ cardiovascular disease/ heart attack

Question 3

Process of the cadiac conduction system:

Answer 3

-Electrical signal sent to SA node
-Causes walls of atria to contract and forces blood into ventricles
-0.1 second delay at AV node for full diastolic filling
-Bundle of HIS
-Purkinje fibres
-Ventricles contract

Question 4

What are the stages of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 4

-Information from receptors sent to cardiac control centre in medualla oblongata
-Down sympathetic nervous system
-SA node, AV node
-Increase heart rate
-Increase in venous return
-Increase in ejection fraction

Question 5

What is systole?

Answer 5

When the heart contracts and empties

Question 6

What is disatole?

Answer 6

When the heart relaxes and fills

Question 7

What do chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 7

-Increase in C02
-Increase in lactic acid
-Decrease pH

Question 8

What do proprioreceptors detect?

Answer 8

Increase in movement

Question 9

What do barroreceptors detect?

Answer 9

Decrease in blood pressure

Question 10

Which two factors affect stroke volume?

Answer 10

-Venous return
-Elasticity of cardiac fibres

Question 11

What is starling’s law?

Answer 11

-Increased venous return
-Greater diastolic filling phase
-Cardiac muscle stretched
-More force of contraction
-Increased ejection fraction

Question 12

Cardiac output=

Answer 12

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 13

What happens to stroke volume during exercise?

Answer 13

-Increases as intensity of exercise increases
-Continues for up to 40-60% of max effort then plateaus
-Increase in HR increases diastolic fillling phase
-Ventricles dont have enough time to fill

Question 14

What are the stages of cardiovascular drift?

Answer 14

-Occurs after 10 mins of prolonged exercise in warm environment
-Sweat causes water loss in blood cuasing it to go viscous
-Decrease in venous return
-HR increases to maintain cardiac output

Question 15

Name 4 mechanisms of venous return:

Answer 15

-Skeletal muscle pump
-Pocket valves
-Respiriatory pump
-Cardiac suction pump

Question 16

What is respiriatory pump?

Answer 16

Inhalation decreases pressure in thoratic cavity and decreases pressure in abdominal cavity. Pressure changes compress nearby veins and assist in blood flow back to heart.

Question 17

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 17

Pressure in blood vessels when ventricles are contracting

Question 18

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 18

Pressure in blood vessels when ventricles are relaxing

Question 19

What is A-V02 difference?

Answer 19

Difference between the oxygen content in the arterial and venous blood

Question 20

How does A-V02 difference change during exercise?

Answer 20

-difference increases
-more oxgen is needed in muscles by myoglobin
-oxygen is used for ATP production to increase endurance and aerobic respiration
-Venous blood has less oxygen to return to heart

Question 21

How is A-V02 diff affected by training?

Answer 21

-Increased musclde myoglobin stores
-Cardiac hypertrophy

Question 22

Whats makes up a motor unit?

Answer 22

Motor neurone and muscle fibre

Question 23

What are the features of slow twitch or slow oxidative muscle fibres?

Answer 23

-small neurone size/ few muscle fibres
-low force production
-high capilliary density
-slow contraction speeds
-high myoglobin levels
-high mitochondria levels
-high ressistance to fatigue

Question 24

What are the features of fast oxidative glycolytic or type 2A?

Answer 24

-Large neaurone size/ lots of muscle fibres
-many cappiliaries
-moderate levels of myoglobin and mitochondria
-fast speed of contraction
-high force of contraction
-moderate ressistance to fatigue

Question 25

What is tidal volume?

Answer 25

Amount of air breathed in per breath

Question 26

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 26

The amount of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 27

How is minute ventilation effected by exercise?

Answer 27

-It will increase
-Working muscles require more oxygen

Question 28

What does PNF stand for?

Answer 28

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Question 29

What are the two types of proprioreceptors that are involved in PNF?

Answer 29

-Muscle spindles
-Golgi tendon organs

Question 30

What are the role of the muscle spindles in PNF?

Answer 30

-tell the central nervous system how far and fast muscle is being stretched.
-if stretched too far, triggers stretch reflex and muscle contracts concentrically

Question 31

What is the role of the golgi tendon organs in PNF?

Answer 31

-Detect levels of tension in the tendon
-Autogenic inhibition occurs which sends signal to brain causing muscle to relax

Question 32

What are the steps involved in PNF?

Answer 32

-A partner stretches an individuals leg until the muscle spindles inhibit further stretching
-The individual makes the muscle contract isomectrically by pushing against their partner.
-Autogenic inhibition allows the muscle to be stretched beyond the initial range of movement

Question 33

What are motor units made up of?

Answer 33

Motor neurone and muscle fibre

Question 34

Name 4 ways you can increase the force of contraction:

Answer 34

-Recruit more motor units
-Recruit larger motor units
-Recruit fast twitch motor units
-Wave summation

Question 35

What is the all or none law?

Answer 35

Min amount of stimulation to motor unit to make unit contract, if threshold not met then no muscle contracts.

Question 36

What is wave summation?

Answer 36

Is increasing the strength of contraction by increasing the frequency of the impulse to the muscle.
-The muscle becomes stimulated before it can completely relax.

Question 37

What is spatial summation?

Answer 37

Involves alternation between contraction and relaxation of motor units.

Question 38

What is a tetanic contraction?

Answer 38

Impulse arrives at muscle so quickly muscle has no time to relax.