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SEMI FINALS > CARDIOVASCULAR > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards

1
Q

▪ Pericardium—a double-walled sac
▪ Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
▪ Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers
1. Parietal pericardium: outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
2. Visceral pericardium: next to heart; also known as the epicardium
▪ Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium, called the pericardial cavity

A

Coverings of the heart

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2
Q

WHAT ARE THE Walls of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium
    ▪ Outside layer; the visceral pericardium
  2. Myocardium
    ▪ Middle layer
    ▪ Mostly cardiac muscle
  3. Endocardium
    ▪ Inner layer known as endothelium
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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE Four chambers of the heart

A

Atria (right and left)
▪ Receiving chambers
▪ Assist with filling the ventricles
▪ Blood enters under low pressure
•Ventricles (right and left)
▪ Discharging chambers
▪ Thick-walled pumps of the heart
▪ During contraction, blood is propelled into circulation

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4
Q

▪ Separates the two atria longitudinally

A

Interatrial septum

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5
Q

▪ Separates the two ventricles longitudinally

A

Interventricular septum

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6
Q

Heart functions as a double pump
▪ Arteries carry blood away from the heart
▪ Veins carry blood toward the heart
Double pump
▪ Right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump
▪ Left side works as the systemic circuit pump

A

•Heart functions as a double pump
▪ Arteries carry blood away from the heart
▪ Veins carry blood toward the heart
Double pump
▪ Right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump
▪ Left side works as the systemic circuit pump

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7
Q

▪ Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs
and back to the left side of the heart
▪ Blood is pumped out of right side through the pulmonary trunk, which splits into pulmonary arteries and takes oxygen-poor blood to lungs
▪ Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart from the lungs via pulmonary veins

A

Pulmonary circulation

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8
Q

WHAT TYPE OF CIRCULATION
▪ Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left side of the heart
is pumped out into the aorta
▪ Blood circulates to systemic arteries and to all body tissues
▪ Left ventricle has thicker walls because it pumps blood to the body through the systemic circuit
▪ Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via systemic veins, which empty blood into the superior or inferior vena cava

A

Systemic circulation

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9
Q

•Heart Valves
▪Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow
▪ Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria and ventricles
▪ Left AV valve: bicuspid (mitral) valve
▪ Right AV valve: tricuspid valve
▪ Semilunar valves—between ventricle and artery
▪ Pulmonary semilunar valve
▪ Aortic semilunar valve

A

•Heart Valves
▪Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow
▪ Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria and ventricles
▪ Left AV valve: bicuspid (mitral) valve
▪ Right AV valve: tricuspid valve
▪ Semilunar valves—between ventricle and artery
▪ Pulmonary semilunar valve
▪ Aortic semilunar valve

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10
Q

•AV valves - ATRIOVENTRICULAR
▪ Anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae to
the walls of the ventricles
▪ Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively fills the chambers
▪ Closed during ventricular contraction
•Semilunar valves
▪ Closed during heart relaxation
▪ Open during ventricular contraction
▪Valves open and close in response to pressure changes in the heart

A

AV valves
▪ Anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae to
the walls of the ventricles
▪ Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively fills the chambers
▪ Closed during ventricular contraction

Semilunar valves
▪ Closed during heart relaxation
▪ Open during ventricular contraction
▪Valves open and close in response to pressure changes in the heart

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11
Q

▪Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
▪The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of:

A

▪ Coronary arteries—branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
▪ Cardiac veins—drain the myocardium of blood
▪ Coronary sinus—a large vein on the posterior of the
heart; receives blood from cardiac veins

Blood also empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

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12
Q

—branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

A

▪ Coronary arteries

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13
Q

—drain the myocardium of blood

A

▪ Cardiac veins

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14
Q

—a large vein on the posterior of the
heart; receives blood from cardiac veins

A

Coronary sinus

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15
Q

▪Intrinsic conduction system of the heart
▪ Cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously and
independently of nerve impulses
▪ Spontaneous contractions occur in a regular and continuous way
▪ Atrial cells beat 60 times per minute
▪ Ventricular cells beat 20−40 times per minute
▪ Need a unifying control system—the intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

A

▪Intrinsic conduction system of the heart
▪ Cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously and
independently of nerve impulses
▪ Spontaneous contractions occur in a regular and continuous way
▪ Atrial cells beat 60 times per minute
▪ Ventricular cells beat 20−40 times per minute
▪ Need a unifying control system—the intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

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16
Q

▪Intrinsic conduction system of the heart (continued)
▪ Two systems regulate heart activity
▪ Autonomic nervous system
▪ Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system
▪ Sets the heart rhythm
▪ Composed of special nervous tissue
▪ Ensures heart muscle depolarization in one direction only (atria to ventricles)
▪ Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute

A

▪Intrinsic conduction system of the heart (continued)
▪ Two systems regulate heart activity
▪ Autonomic nervous system
▪ Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system
▪ Sets the heart rhythm
▪ Composed of special nervous tissue
▪ Ensures heart muscle depolarization in one direction only (atria to ventricles)
▪ Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute

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17
Q

▪Intrinsic conduction system of the heart (continued) ▪Components include:
▪ Sinoatrial (SA) node
▪ Located in the right atrium
▪ Serves as the heart’s pacemaker
▪ Atrioventricular (AV) node is at the junction of the atria and ventricles
▪ Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) and bundle branches are in the interventricular septum
▪ Purkinje fibers spread within the ventricle wall muscles

A

▪Intrinsic conduction system of the heart (continued) ▪Components include:
▪ Sinoatrial (SA) node
▪ Located in the right atrium
▪ Serves as the heart’s pacemaker
▪ Atrioventricular (AV) node is at the junction of the atria and ventricles
▪ Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) and bundle branches are in the interventricular septum
▪ Purkinje fibers spread within the ventricle wall muscles

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18
Q

rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

A

▪ Tachycardia—

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19
Q

▪—slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minutes

A

Bradycardia

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20
Q

Cardiac cycle and heart sounds
▪ The cardiac cycle refers to one complete heartbeat, in
which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax ▪ Systole = contraction
▪ Diastole = relaxation
▪ Average heart rate is approximately 75 beats per minute
▪ Cardiac cycle length is normally 0.8 second

A

Cardiac cycle and heart sounds
▪ The cardiac cycle refers to one complete heartbeat, in
which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax ▪ Systole = contraction
▪ Diastole = relaxation
▪ Average heart rate is approximately 75 beats per minute
▪ Cardiac cycle length is normally 0.8 second

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21
Q

▪ Heart is relaxed
▪ Pressure in heart is low
▪ Atrioventricular valves are open
▪ Blood flows passively into the atria and into ventricles ▪ Semilunar valves are closed

A

)
Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)

Cardiac cycle and heart sounds (continued

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22
Q

▪ Ventricles remain in diastole
▪ Atria contract
▪ Blood is forced into the ventricles to complete ventricular filling

A

▪Atrial systole

Cardiac cycle and heart sounds (continued)

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23
Q

▪ Atrial systole ends; ventricular systole begins
▪ Intraventricular pressure rises
▪ AV valves close
▪ For a moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers

A

Isovolumetric contraction

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24
Q

▪ Ventricles continue to contract
▪ Intraventricular pressure now surpasses the pressure in the major arteries leaving the heart
▪ Semilunar valves open
▪ Blood is ejected from the ventricles
▪ Atria are relaxed and filling with blood

A

Ventricular systole (ejection phase)

Cardiac cycle and heart sounds

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25
Q

▪ Ventricular diastole begins
▪ Pressure falls below that in the major arteries
▪ Semilunar valves close
▪ For another moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers
▪ When atrial pressure increases above intraventricular pressure, the AV valves open

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

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26
Q

▪
▪—longer, louder heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves

A

Lub -

Heart sounds

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27
Q

▪—short, sharp heart sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole

A

Dup

Heart sounds

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28
Q

What do u call the
▪ Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of
the heart in 1 minute

A

Cardiac output (CO)

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29
Q

What do u call the
▪ Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat)
▪ About 70 ml of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat

A

Stroke volume (SV)

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30
Q

▪ Typically 75 beats per minute

A

Heart rate (HR)

31
Q

▪Cardiac output is the product of the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV)
▪CO = HR × SV
▪ CO = HR (75 beats/min) × SV (70 ml/beat) ▪ CO = 5250 ml/min = 5.25 L/min

A

▪Cardiac output is the product of the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV)
▪CO = HR × SV
▪ CO = HR (75 beats/min) × SV (70 ml/beat) ▪ CO = 5250 ml/min = 5.25 L/min

32
Q

▪Regulation of stroke volume
▪ 60 percent of blood in ventricles (about 70 ml) is
pumped with each heartbeat ▪ Starling’s law of the heart
▪ The critical factor controlling SV is how much cardiac muscle is stretched
▪ The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
▪ Venous return is the important factor influencing the stretch of heart muscle

A

▪Regulation of stroke volume
▪ 60 percent of blood in ventricles (about 70 ml) is
pumped with each heartbeat ▪ Starling’s law of the heart
▪ The critical factor controlling SV is how much cardiac muscle is stretched
▪ The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
▪ Venous return is the important factor influencing the stretch of heart muscle

33
Q

▪Factors modifying basic heart rate
1. Neural (ANS) controls
▪ Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
▪ Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady the heart rate
2. Hormones and ions
▪ Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate
▪ Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions also modify heart activity
3. Physical factors
▪ Age, gender, exercise, body temperature influence
heart rate

A

▪Factors modifying basic heart rate
1. Neural (ANS) controls
▪ Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
▪ Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady the heart rate
2. Hormones and ions
▪ Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate
▪ Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions also modify heart activity
3. Physical factors
▪ Age, gender, exercise, body temperature influence
heart rate

34
Q

▪ Vessels that carry blood away from the heart ▪

A

Arteries and arterioles

35
Q

▪ Vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissues and blood

A

▪ Capillary beds

36
Q

Vessels that return blood toward the heart

A

▪ Venules and veins

37
Q

▪Three layers (tunics) in blood vessels (except the capillaries)

A

1.Tunica intima forms a friction-reducing lining
▪ Endothelium
2.Tunica media
▪ Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
▪ Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
3. Tunica externa forms protective outermost covering
▪ Mostly fibrous connective tissue
▪ Supports and protects the vessel

38
Q

Structural differences in arteries, veins, and capillaries
▪ Arteries have a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure
▪ Veins have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure
▪ Veins also have valves to prevent backflow of blood
▪ Lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries
▪ Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart

A

Structural differences in arteries, veins, and capillaries
▪ Arteries have a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure
▪ Veins have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure
▪ Veins also have valves to prevent backflow of blood
▪ Lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries
▪ Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart

39
Q

Structural differences in arteries, veins, and capillaries (continued)

▪ Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima)
▪ Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
▪ Form networks called capillary beds that consist of: ▪ A vascular shunt
▪ True capillaries
▪ Blood flow through a capillary bed is known as microcirculation

A

▪ Capillaries

40
Q

WHAT DO U CALL THE
▪ Branch off a terminal arteriole
▪ Empty directly into a postcapillary venule
▪ Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by precapillary sphincters

A

▪ True capillaries

▪Structural differences in arteries, veins, and capillaries (continued)

41
Q

Major arteries of systemic circulation

Aorta
▪ Largest artery in the body
▪ Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart

Regions
▪ Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle
▪ Aortic arch—arches to the left
▪ Thoracic aorta—travels downward through the thorax
▪ Abdominal aorta—passes through the diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Major arteries of systemic circulation

Aorta
▪ Largest artery in the body
▪ Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart

Regions
▪ Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle
▪ Aortic arch—arches to the left
▪ Thoracic aorta—travels downward through the thorax
▪ Abdominal aorta—passes through the diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity

42
Q

WHAT DO U CALL THE BRANCHES THAT
▪ Right and left coronary arteries serve the heart

A

Arterial branches of the ascending aorta

▪Major arteries of systemic circulation (continued) ▪

43
Q

Major arteries of systemic circulation (continued)

=Arterial branches of the aortic arch
•Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the:
▪ Right common carotid artery
▪ Right subclavian artery

=Left common carotid artery splits into the:
▪ Left internal and external carotid arteries
=Left subclavian artery branches into the:
▪ Vertebral artery
▪ In the axilla, the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery → brachial artery → radial and ulnar arteries

A

Major arteries of systemic circulation (continued)

=Arterial branches of the aortic arch
•Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the:
▪ Right common carotid artery
▪ Right subclavian artery

=Left common carotid artery splits into the:
▪ Left internal and external carotid arteries
=Left subclavian artery branches into the:
▪ Vertebral artery
▪ In the axilla, the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery → brachial artery → radial and ulnar arteries

44
Q

▪ Intercostal arteries supply the muscles of the thorax wall
▪ Other branches of the thoracic aorta (not illustrated) supply the:
▪ Lungs (bronchial arteries)
▪ Esophagus (esophageal arteries) ▪ Diaphragm (phrenic arteries)

A

▪ Arterial branches of the thoracic aorta

Major arteries of systemic circulation (continued)

45
Q

▪ Celiac trunk is the first branch of the abdominal aorta. Three branches are:
1. Left gastric artery (stomach)
2. Splenic artery (spleen)
3. Common hepatic artery (liver)
▪ Superior mesenteric artery supplies most of the small intestine and first half of the large intestine

A

▪ Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta

▪Major arteries of systemic circulation (continued)

46
Q

▪ Left and right renal arteries (kidney)
▪ Left and right gonadal arteries
▪ Ovarian arteries in females serve the ovaries ▪ Testicular arteries in males serve the testes
▪ Lumbar arteries serve muscles of the abdomen and trunk

A

▪Major arteries of systemic circulation (continued)
▪ Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta (continued)

47
Q

▪ Inferior mesenteric artery serves the second half of the large intestine
▪ Left and right common iliac arteries are the final branches of the aorta
▪ Internal iliac arteries serve the pelvic organs
▪ External iliac arteries enter the thigh → femoral artery → popliteal artery → anterior and posterior tibial arteries

A

▪ Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta (continued)

▪Major arteries of systemic circulation (continued)

48
Q

▪Major veins of systemic circulation
▪ Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava enter the
right atrium of the heart
▪ Superior vena cava drains the head and arms
▪ Inferior vena cava drains the lower body

A

▪Major veins of systemic circulation
▪ Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava enter the
right atrium of the heart
▪ Superior vena cava drains the head and arms
▪ Inferior vena cava drains the lower body

49
Q

▪Major veins of systemic circulation (continued)
▪ Veins draining into the superior vena cava
▪ Radial and ulnar veins → brachial vein → axillary vein
▪ Cephalic vein drains the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein
▪ Basilic vein drains the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein
▪ Basilic and cephalic veins are joined at the median cubital vein (elbow area)

A

▪Major veins of systemic circulation (continued)
▪ Veins draining into the superior vena cava
▪ Radial and ulnar veins → brachial vein → axillary vein
▪ Cephalic vein drains the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein
▪ Basilic vein drains the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein
▪ Basilic and cephalic veins are joined at the median cubital vein (elbow area)

50
Q

▪Major veins of systemic circulation (continued)
▪ Veins draining into the superior vena cava (continued)
▪ Subclavian vein receives:
▪ Venous blood from the arm via the axillary vein
▪ Venous blood from skin and muscles via external jugular vein
▪ Vertebral vein drains the posterior part of the head
▪ Internal jugular vein drains the dural sinuses of the brain

A

▪Major veins of systemic circulation (continued)
▪ Veins draining into the superior vena cava (continued)
▪ Subclavian vein receives:
▪ Venous blood from the arm via the axillary vein
▪ Venous blood from skin and muscles via external jugular vein
▪ Vertebral vein drains the posterior part of the head
▪ Internal jugular vein drains the dural sinuses of the brain

51
Q

▪ Veins draining into the superior vena cava (continued)
▪ Left and right brachiocephalic veins receive venous blood from the:

A

▪ Subclavian veins
▪ Vertebral veins
▪ Internal jugular veins

52
Q

▪ Brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava → right atrium of heart
▪ Azygos vein drains the thorax

A

▪ Brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava → right atrium of heart
▪ Azygos vein drains the thorax

53
Q

▪Major veins of systemic circulation (continued) ▪ Veins draining into the inferior vena cava
▪ Anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibial veins drain the legs
▪ Posterior tibial vein → popliteal vein → femoral vein → external iliac vein
▪ Great saphenous veins (longest veins of the body) receive superficial drainage of the legs
▪ Each common iliac vein (left and right) is formed by the union of the internal and external iliac vein on its own side

A

▪Major veins of systemic circulation (continued) ▪ Veins draining into the inferior vena cava
▪ Anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibial veins drain the legs
▪ Posterior tibial vein → popliteal vein → femoral vein → external iliac vein
▪ Great saphenous veins (longest veins of the body) receive superficial drainage of the legs
▪ Each common iliac vein (left and right) is formed by the union of the internal and external iliac vein on its own side

54
Q

▪Major veins of systemic circulation (continued)
▪ Veins draining into the inferior vena cava (continued)
▪ Right gonadal vein drains the right ovary in females and right testicle in males
▪ Left gonadal vein empties into the left renal vein
▪ Left and right renal veins drain the kidneys
▪ Hepatic portal vein drains the digestive organs and travels through the liver before it enters systemic circulation
▪ Left and right hepatic veins drain the liver

A

▪Major veins of systemic circulation (continued)
▪ Veins draining into the inferior vena cava (continued)
▪ Right gonadal vein drains the right ovary in females and right testicle in males
▪ Left gonadal vein empties into the left renal vein
▪ Left and right renal veins drain the kidneys
▪ Hepatic portal vein drains the digestive organs and travels through the liver before it enters systemic circulation
▪ Left and right hepatic veins drain the liver

55
Q

▪Arterial supply of the brain and the circle of Willis
▪ Internal carotid arteries divide into:
▪ Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
▪ These arteries supply most of the cerebrum
▪ Vertebral arteries join once within the skull to form the basilar artery
▪ Basilar artery serves the brain stem and cerebellum

A

▪Arterial supply of the brain and the circle of Willis
▪ Internal carotid arteries divide into:
▪ Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
▪ These arteries supply most of the cerebrum
▪ Vertebral arteries join once within the skull to form the basilar artery
▪ Basilar artery serves the brain stem and cerebellum

56
Q

Hepatic portal circulation is formed by veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the hepatic portal vein

A

▪Digestive organs
▪ Spleen
▪ Pancreas

57
Q

▪ Measurements of arterial pulse, blood pressure,
respiratory rate, and body temperature

A

Vital signs

58
Q

▪ Alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall (the pressure wave) that occurs as the heart beats
▪ Monitored at pressure points in superficial arteries, where pulse is easily palpated
▪ Pulse averages 70 to 76 beats per minute at rest, in a healthy person

A

▪Arterial pulse

59
Q

▪ The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls
of the blood vessels
▪ The force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels

A

▪Blood pressure

60
Q

▪ When the ventricles contract:
▪ Blood is forced into elastic arteries close to the heart
▪ Blood flows along a descending pressure gradient
▪ Pressure decreases in blood vessels as distance from the heart increases
▪ Pressure is high in the arteries, lower in the capillaries, and lowest in the veins

A

▪Blood pressure gradient

61
Q

▪Measuring blood pressure
▪ Two arterial blood pressures are measured
▪ Systolic—pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction
▪ Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax
▪ Expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure
in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) ▪ For example, 120/80 mm Hg
▪ Auscultatory method is an indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure, most often in the brachial artery

A

▪Measuring blood pressure
▪ Two arterial blood pressures are measured
▪ Systolic—pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction
▪ Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax
▪ Expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure
in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) ▪ For example, 120/80 mm Hg
▪ Auscultatory method is an indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure, most often in the brachial artery

62
Q

▪Measuring blood pressure
▪ Two arterial blood pressures are measured

A

▪ Systolic—pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction
▪ Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax

63
Q

is an indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure, most often in the brachial artery

A

▪ Auscultatory method

64
Q

Neural factors: the autonomic nervous system

A

▪ Parasympathetic nervous system has little to no effect
on blood pressure
▪ Sympathetic nervous system promotes vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels), which increases blood pressure

65
Q

Renal factors: the kidneys
▪ Kidneys regulate blood pressure by altering blood
volume
▪ If blood pressure is too high, the kidneys release water in the urine
▪ If blood pressure is too low, the kidneys release renin to trigger formation of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor
▪ Angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone, which enhances sodium (and water) reabsorption by kidneys

A

Renal factors: the kidneys
▪ Kidneys regulate blood pressure by altering blood
volume
▪ If blood pressure is too high, the kidneys release water in the urine
▪ If blood pressure is too low, the kidneys release renin to trigger formation of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor
▪ Angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone, which enhances sodium (and water) reabsorption by kidneys

66
Q

▪Effects of various factors on blood pressure (continued)
▪Temperature
▪ Heat has a vasodilating effect
▪ Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
▪ Chemicals
▪ Various substances can cause increases or decreases
in blood pressure
▪ Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure

A

▪Effects of various factors on blood pressure (continued)
▪Temperature
▪ Heat has a vasodilating effect
▪ Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
▪ Chemicals
▪ Various substances can cause increases or decreases
in blood pressure
▪ Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure

67
Q

pressure ranges from 110 to 140 mm Hg

A

▪ Systolic pressure

68
Q

▪ pressure ranges from 70 to 80 mm Hg

A

Diastolic pressure

69
Q

▪ Low systolic (below 100 mm Hg)
▪ Often associated with illness
▪ Acute hypotension is a warning sign for circulatory shock

A

▪ Hypotension (low blood pressure)

70
Q

▪
▪ Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg ▪ Warns of increased peripheral resistance

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

71
Q

▪In an embryo
▪ The heart develops as a simple tube and pumps blood
by week 4 of pregnancy
▪ The heart becomes a four-chambered organ capable of acting as a double pump over the next 3 weeks

A

▪In an embryo
▪ The heart develops as a simple tube and pumps blood
by week 4 of pregnancy
▪ The heart becomes a four-chambered organ capable of acting as a double pump over the next 3 weeks

72
Q

▪ Carries nutrients and oxygen from maternal blood to
fetal blood
▪ Fetal wastes move from fetal blood to maternal blood ▪ Houses:
▪ One umbilical vein, which carries nutrient- and oxygen- rich blood to the fetus
▪ Two umbilical arteries, which carry wastes and carbon dioxide–rich blood from the fetus to placenta

A

▪Umbilical cord

73
Q

▪Age-related problems associated with the cardiovascular system include:
▪ Weakening of venous valves
▪Varicose veins
▪Progressive arteriosclerosis
▪ Hypertension resulting from loss of elasticity of vessels
▪ Coronary artery disease resulting from fatty, calcified deposits in the vessels

A

▪Age-related problems associated with the cardiovascular system include:
▪ Weakening of venous valves
▪Varicose veins
▪Progressive arteriosclerosis
▪ Hypertension resulting from loss of elasticity of vessels
▪ Coronary artery disease resulting from fatty, calcified deposits in the vessels

SEMI FINALS (5 decks)

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