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SEMI FINALS > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Blood
▪Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as:
▪ Nutrients ▪ Wastes
▪ Hormones ▪ Body heat

A

Blood
▪Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as:
▪ Nutrients ▪ Wastes
▪ Hormones ▪ Body heat

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2
Q

▪Blood is the only fluid tissue, a type of connective tissue, in the human body
▪Components of blood
▪ Formed elements (living cells) ▪ Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix

A

▪Blood is the only fluid tissue, a type of connective tissue, in the human body
▪Components of blood
▪ Formed elements (living cells) ▪ Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix

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3
Q

When blood is separated:
▪ Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45 percent of blood, a
percentage known as the hematocrit)
▪ Buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets (less than
1 percent of blood)
▪ Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma
▪ Plasma rises to the top (55 percent of blood)

A

When blood is separated:
▪ Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45 percent of blood, a
percentage known as the hematocrit)
▪ Buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets (less than
1 percent of blood)
▪ Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma
▪ Plasma rises to the top (55 percent of blood)

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4
Q

▪Blood characteristics ▪Sticky, opaque fluid
▪ Heavier and thicker than water
▪ Color range
▪ Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
▪ Oxygen-poor blood is dull red or purple
▪ Metallic, salty taste
▪ Blood pH is slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45
▪ Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature, at 38oC or 100.4oF

A

▪Blood characteristics ▪Sticky, opaque fluid
▪ Heavier and thicker than water
▪ Color range
▪ Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
▪ Oxygen-poor blood is dull red or purple
▪ Metallic, salty taste
▪ Blood pH is slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45
▪ Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature, at 38oC or 100.4oF

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5
Q

▪ About 5–6 liters, or about 6 quarts, of blood are found
in a healthy adult
▪ Blood makes up 8 percent of body weight

A

Blood volume

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6
Q

▪90 percent water
▪Straw-colored fluid
▪Includes many dissolved substances ▪ Nutrients
▪ Salts (electrolytes) ▪ Respiratory gases ▪ Hormones
▪ Plasma proteins
▪ Waste products

A

Plasma

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7
Q

▪
▪ Most abundant solutes in plasma
▪ Most are made by the liver ▪ Include:
▪ Albumin—an important blood buffer and contributes to osmotic pressure
▪ Clotting proteins—help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
▪ Antibodies—help protect the body from pathogens

A

Plasma proteins

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8
Q

▪ Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBCs)
▪ Leukocytes
White blood cells (WBCs)
▪ Platelets
Cell fragments

A

Formed Elements

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9
Q

▪ Main function is to carry oxygen
▪ RBCs differ from other blood cells
▪ Anucleate (no nucleus)
▪ Contain few organelles; lack mitochondria ▪ Essentially bags of hemoglobin (Hb)
▪ Shaped like biconcave discs
▪ Normal count is 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)

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10
Q

▪
▪ Hemoglobin is an iron-bearing protein
▪ Binds oxygen
▪ Each hemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygen molecules
▪ Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
▪ Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per
100 milliliters (ml) of blood

A

Erythrocytes (continued)

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11
Q

▪ Anemia is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of
the blood due to:
▪ Lower-than-normal number of RBCs
▪ Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs
▪ Sickle cell anemia (SCA) results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin

A

▪Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs

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12
Q

▪ Disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal
increase of RBCs due to:
▪ Bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera)
▪ Life at higher altitudes (secondary polycythemia)
▪ Increase in RBCs slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity

A

Polcythemia

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13
Q

▪ Crucial in body’s defense against disease
▪ Complete cells, with nucleus and organelles
▪ Able to move into and out of blood vessels
(diapedesis)
▪ Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
(known as positive chemotaxis)
▪ Move by amoeboid motion
▪ 4,800 to 10,800 WBCs per mm3 of blood

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)

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14
Q

▪ WBC count above 11,000 cells per mm3 of blood ▪ Generally indicates an infection

A

Leukocytosis

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15
Q

▪ Abnormally low WBC count
▪ Commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents

A

Leukopenia

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16
Q

▪
▪ Bone marrow becomes cancerous
▪ Numerous immature WBC are produced

A

Leukemia

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17
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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18
Q

▪ Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
▪ Possess lobed nuclei
▪ Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

Granulocytes

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19
Q

▪
▪ Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
▪ Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped ▪ Include lymphocytes and monocytes

A

Agranulocytes

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20
Q

List of the WBCs, from most to least abundant
▪ Neutrophils
▪ Lymphocytes
▪ Monocytes
▪ Eosinophils
▪ Basophils

A

▪Easy way to remember this list
▪ Never
▪ Let
▪ Monkeys
▪ Eat
▪ Bananas

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21
Q

▪ Most numerous WBC
▪ Multilobed nucleus
▪ Cytoplasm stains pink and contains fine granules
▪ Function as phagocytes at active sites of infection
▪ Numbers increase during infection
▪ 3,000–7,000 neutrophils per mm3 of blood (40–70 percent of WBCs)

A

▪ Neutrophils

Granulocytes

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22
Q

▪ Nucleus stains blue-red
▪ Brick-red cytoplasmic granules
▪ Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks
▪ 100–400 eosinophils per mm3 of blood (1–4 percent of WBCs)

A

▪ Eosinophils

▪Granulocytes (continued)

23
Q

▪ Rarest of the WBCs
▪ Large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue
▪ Contain heparin (anticoagulant)
▪ 20–50 basophils per mm3 of blood (0–1 percent of WBCs)

A

▪ Basophils

Granulocytes (continued)

24
Q

▪ Large, dark purple nucleus
▪ Slightly larger than RBCs
▪ Reside in lymphatic tissues
▪ Play a role in immune response
▪ 1,500–3,000 lymphocytes per mm3 of blood (20–45 percent of WBCs)

A

▪ Lymphocytes

Agranulocytes

25
Q

▪ Largest of the white blood cells
▪ Distinctive U- or kidney-shaped nucleus
▪ Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues
▪ Important in fighting chronic infection
▪ 100–700 monocytes per mm3 of blood (4–8 percent of
WBCs)

A

▪ Monocytes

Agranulocytes (continued)

26
Q

▪ Fragments of megakaryocytes (multinucleate cells)
▪ Needed for the clotting process
▪ Normal platelet count is 300,000 platelets per mm3 of
blood

A

Platelets

27
Q

▪Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation
▪Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) ▪All blood cells are derived from a common stem
cell (hemocytoblast)
▪Hemocytoblasts form two types of descendants
▪ Lymphoid stem cell, which produces lymphocytes
▪ Myeloid stem cell, which can produce all other formed elements

A

▪Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation
▪Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) ▪All blood cells are derived from a common stem
cell (hemocytoblast)
▪Hemocytoblasts form two types of descendants
▪ Lymphoid stem cell, which produces lymphocytes
▪ Myeloid stem cell, which can produce all other formed elements

28
Q

▪Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
▪RBCs wear out in 100 to 120 days ▪When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by
phagocytes in the spleen or liver
▪Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

A

▪Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
▪RBCs wear out in 100 to 120 days ▪When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by
phagocytes in the spleen or liver
▪Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

29
Q

▪Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called erythropoietin
▪Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
▪Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

A

▪Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called erythropoietin
▪Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
▪Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

30
Q

▪WBC and platelet production is controlled by hormones
▪ Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
▪ Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

A

▪WBC and platelet production is controlled by hormones
▪ Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
▪ Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

31
Q

▪Hemostasis is the process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel

A

▪Hemostasis is the process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel

32
Q

▪Hemostasis involves three phases

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Plateletplugformation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
33
Q

▪ Immediate response to blood vessel injury
▪ Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
▪ Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood
loss

A

Step 1: vascular spasms

34
Q

STAGE OF

▪ Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood
vessel
▪ Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
▪ Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
▪ Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug (white thrombus)

A

▪Step 2: platelet plug formation

35
Q

▪ Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
▪ PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
▪ Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

A

Step 3: coagulation

36
Q

▪
▪ Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike
molecules of insoluble fibrin
▪ Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
▪ Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts
▪ Serum is plasma minus clotting proteins

A

Step 3: coagulation (continued)

37
Q

PROCESS
▪Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes ▪The clot remains as endothelium regenerates ▪The clot is broken down after tissue repair

A

Hemostasis

38
Q

Thrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
▪ Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs

Embolus
▪ A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the
bloodstream
▪ Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

A

Undesirable clotting

39
Q

▪
▪ A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
▪ Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs

A

Thrombus

40
Q

▪
▪ A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the
bloodstream
▪ Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

A

Embolus

41
Q

▪ Insufficient number of circulating platelets
▪ Arises from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow
▪ Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
▪ Evidenced by petechiae (small purplish blotches on the skin

A

▪ Thrombocytopenia

Bleeding disorders

42
Q

▪ Hereditary bleeding disorder
▪ Normal clotting factors are missing
▪ Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding

A

▪ Hemophilia

▪Bleeding disorders (continued)

43
Q

▪Large losses of blood have serious consequences
▪ Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
▪ Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be
fatal
▪Blood transfusions are given for substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia

A

▪Large losses of blood have serious consequences
▪ Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
▪ Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be
fatal
▪Blood transfusions are given for substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia

44
Q

▪Blood contains genetically determined proteins known as antigens
▪Antigens are substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack
▪ Most antigens are foreign proteins ▪ We tolerate our own “self” antigens
▪Antibodies are the “recognizers” that bind foreign antigens
▪Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) and lyse

A

▪Blood contains genetically determined proteins known as antigens
▪Antigens are substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack
▪ Most antigens are foreign proteins ▪ We tolerate our own “self” antigens
▪Antibodies are the “recognizers” that bind foreign antigens
▪Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) and lyse

45
Q

There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens
▪The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens

A

There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens
▪The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens

46
Q

▪ABO blood group
▪ Blood types are based on the presence or absence of
two antigens
1. Type A
2. Type B

A

▪ABO blood group
▪ Blood types are based on the presence or absence of
two antigens
1. Type A
2. Type B

47
Q

▪ABO blood group (continued)
▪ Presence of both antigens A and B is called type AB
▪ Presence of antigen A is called type A
▪ Presence of antigen B is called type B
▪ Lack of both antigens A and B is called type O

A

▪ABO blood group (continued)
▪ Presence of both antigens A and B is called type AB
▪ Presence of antigen A is called type A
▪ Presence of antigen B is called type B
▪ Lack of both antigens A and B is called type O

48
Q

ABO blood group (continued)
▪ Type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood
▪ Type AB is the “universal recipient”
▪ Type B can receive B and O blood
▪ Type A can receive A and O blood
▪ Type O can receive O blood
▪ Type O is the “universal donor”

A

ABO blood group (continued)
▪ Type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood
▪ Type AB is the “universal recipient”
▪ Type B can receive B and O blood
▪ Type A can receive A and O blood
▪ Type O can receive O blood
▪ Type O is the “universal donor”

49
Q

Rh-related problem during pregnancy
▪ Danger occurs only when the mother is Rh–, the father
is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor
▪ RhoGAM shot can prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s blood

A

Rh-related problem during pregnancy
▪ Danger occurs only when the mother is Rh–, the father
is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor
▪ RhoGAM shot can prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s blood

50
Q

▪The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
▪ The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems; the immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy
▪In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

A

▪The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
▪ The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems; the immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy
▪In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

51
Q

▪Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum
▪Agglutination or the lack of agglutination leads to identification of blood type
▪Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner
▪Cross matching—testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

A

▪Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum
▪Agglutination or the lack of agglutination leads to identification of blood type
▪Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner
▪Cross matching—testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

52
Q

Developmental Aspects of Blood
▪Sites of blood cell formation
▪ The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell
formation
▪ Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month

A

Developmental Aspects of Blood
▪Sites of blood cell formation
▪ The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell
formation
▪ Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month

53
Q

Developmental Aspects of Blood
▪Congenital blood defects include various types of hemolytic anemias and hemophilia
▪Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in fetal cyanosis, resulting from destruction of fetal blood cells
▪Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth
▪Physiologic jaundice occurs in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough

A

Developmental Aspects of Blood
▪Congenital blood defects include various types of hemolytic anemias and hemophilia
▪Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in fetal cyanosis, resulting from destruction of fetal blood cells
▪Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth
▪Physiologic jaundice occurs in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough

54
Q

▪Leukemias are most common in the very young and very old
▪ Older adults are also at risk for anemia and clotting disorders

A

▪Leukemias are most common in the very young and very old
▪ Older adults are also at risk for anemia and clotting disorders

SEMI FINALS (5 decks)

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