cardiovascular Flashcards
elevated BP
120-129 <80 DBP
stage 1 htn
130-139 SBP, 80-90 DBP
stage 2 htn
> 140 SBP, >90 DBP
ischemic stroke
common
blood vessel to the brain blocked
hemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel within brain bursts
arteriosclerosis
any hardening of medium or large arteries
atherosclerosis
hardening og an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque
arteriolosclerosis
hardening of arterioles
d/t htn and diabetics mellitus
CAD
plaque builds up in the coronary arteries reducing and blocking blood flow to heart tissue.
characterized by stable angina
ACS
umbrella term to cover any group clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia
growth of collateral circulation is attributed to?
inherited predisposition to develop new vessels
presence of chronic ischemia
chronic stable angina
intermittent chest pain occurs over long period, lasting 3-5 min
ST segment depression
prinzmetals angina
occurs at rest in response to spasm of major coronary artery
ST elevation
acute coronary syndrome
ischemia is prolonged and not immediately reversible
aldosterone increases
CO by increasing blood volume (via increasing sodium reabsorption)
pathophysio of primary htn
water and sodium retention
dietary sodium reduction
<2.4g /day
htn potential complications
OHTN
htn crisis
stroke, MI
sexual dysfunction
heart failure
impaired cardiac pumping
natriuretic peptides
hormones produced by heart muscle in response to increase in atrial volume and ventricular pressure
left sided HF
reduced capacity to pump blood into systemic circulation
pulmonary congestion, edema
right sided HF
right ventricle reduced capacity to pump blood into pulmonary circulation
JVD, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, peripheral edema
lasix
decreases preload and pulmonary congestion, cardiac work, increased CO
watch for low potassium
spironolactone
watch for high potassium
digoxin
improve contractility and increase stroke volume
weight monitoring
gain of 3lb over 2 days, or 3-5lb over 7 days should be reported
peripheral arterial disease
progressive narrowing and degeneration of arteries in neck, abd, extremities
intermittent claudication
muscle pain, commonly calf, upon exercise and goes away on rest
aortic aneurysms
out pouching or dilation of weakened area in an artery
buerger’s disease
inflammatory disease of the small and medium veins and arteries accompanied by thrombi and spasms
Raynaud’s disease
localized, intermittent episodes of vasoconstriction of small arteries of the hands causing color and temp changes
thrombophlebitis
formation of thrombus in association with inflammation of the vein
what causes thrombophlebitis
stasis of blood flow, damage to inner lining of vein, hypercoagubility of blood
superficial thrombophlebitis
palpable cord, warm, red, tender, edema,
deep thrombophlebitis
edema, pain, warm skin, homans sign
venous insufficiency
inadequate venous return over long periods that causes ischemia in vasculature, skin, and tissues
infective endocarditis
caused by microorganisms in blood that colonize on the platelet and fibrin strands in endothelium
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium
tamponade
medical emergency resulting in excess fluid collection in the pericardial sac that interferes with heart filling
cardiomyopathy
abnormality of the heart muscle structure
dilated cardiomyopathy
enlargement of all 4 chambers
decreased contractility
decreased CO
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
unexplained progressive thickening of ventricular muscle mass, causing increased pulmonary and venous pressure
restrictive Cardiomyopathy
excessive rigid ventricular walls do not stretch during diastolic filling, creates back pressure and R HF
valvular heart disease
defects in structure or function of valves thus interfering with proper cardiac function
mitral valve prolapse
abnormality of mitral valve leaflets and the papillary muscle or chordae
aortic valve stenosis
obstruction of flow from left ventricle to aorta during systole
aortic valve regurgitation
retrograde blood flow from ascending aorta to left ventricle
tricuspid valve stenosis
right atrial valve obstructed, results in R atrial enlargement and elevated systemic venous pressure
pulmonic valve stenosis
backward flow of blood from R ventricle
