Cardiorespiratory Disease

Question 1

bTB IBR BRD

Question 2

Viral causes of respiratory disease in cattle

Answer 2

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)
PI3
RSV
BVDV

Question 3

Bacterial causes of respiratory disease in cattle

Answer 3

Mycoplasma bovis
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Contageous bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
Histophilius somni (more common in North America)
Truperella pyogenes

Question 4

Parasitic causes of respiratory disease in cattle

Answer 4

Dictocaulus viviparus (lungworm)

Question 5

Management causes of respiratory disease in cattle

Answer 5

High stocking density
Poor ventilation
Poor colostrum

Question 6

Other causes of respiratory disease in cattle

Answer 6

Fog fever
Caudal vena cava thrombosis
Aspiration pneumonia

Question 7

Cause of IBR in cattle

Answer 7

Bovine Herpes Virus 1

Question 8

Epidemiology of IBR

Answer 8

Aerosol transmission - direct or shared air spaces
Incubation period of 10-20d
Animal is infected for life once exposed
Periods of stress can cause shedding and recrudescence - calving, illness, corticosteroid use etc.

Question 9

Clinical signs of mild IBR in cattle

Answer 9

Conjunctivitis
Epiphora
Mild strain or immunity

Question 10

Clinical signs of subacute IBR in cattle

Answer 10

Milk drop
Pyrexia (40 degrees)
Nasal discharge
Hyperpnoea
Abortion after respiratory signs
Genital lesions

Question 11

Clinical signs of acute IBR in cattle

Answer 11

Marked pyrexia
Secondary infection
Purulent nasal discharge
Conjunctivitis

Question 12

Diagnosis of IBR in cattle

Answer 12

History (new animals/groups introduced) and clinical signs
Nasal and conjunctival swabs - PCR
Paired blood samples - rising titres on ALISA
Bulk milk antibody - monitor herd exposure

Question 13

Control and eradication of IBR in cattle

Answer 13

Do nothing
Vaccination to control clinical signs - routine, conventional or marker
Accreditation/eradication (+/- vaccine)
Biosecurity - double fencing, avoid introducing new stock, test and quarantine

Question 14

Accreditation schemes for IBR free herds

Answer 14

Accredited free
Vaccinated monitored free
Eradication programme

Question 15

Live vs Inactivated vaccines against IBR in cattle

Answer 15

Live - rapid protection (especially intranasal), more effective?
Inactivated - reduced shedding in latently infected animals?, use if there in asymptomatic infection

Question 16

Primary pathogens that cause respiratory disease in cattle

Answer 16

RSV
PI3

Question 17

Aetiology and Epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

Answer 17

OvHV-2 from asymptomatic sheep
Stress leads to increased shedding

Sporadic disease in cattle
Aerosol, direct contacts, contaminated feed, water or bedding
No transmission between cattle - only from sheep

Question 18

Clinical signs of MCF in cattle

Answer 18

Pyrexia
Enlarged LNs
Mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge
Corneal opacity
Sloughing of oral and nasal mucosa

Question 19

Treatment of MFC in cattle

Answer 19

No licensed treatment of vaccination
Almost always fatal

Question 20

Epidemiology of bTB in cattle

Answer 20

Reservoirs of infection - badgers, deer, ferrets, infected cattle
Killed by sunlight
Routes of infection - ingestion or inhalation, urine, sputum, faeces, milk, vaginal and uterine discharge, exhaled air

Question 21

Clinical signs of bTB in cattle

Answer 21

Often don’t see clinical signs
Soft, productive cough
Weight loss, LN enlargement

Question 22

Testing of bTB in cattle

Answer 22

Skin tests (SICCT)
- avian and bovine tuberculin injections
- clear, inconclusive, or reactor
- ++ specificity, + sensitivity
Blood testing
- IFN gamma testing used in addition to skin testing
- ++ specificity and sensitivity
- antibody test occasionally used (++ specificity, + sensitivity)
PM inspection
- all cattle inspected PM
- more detailed in reactors
- approx. 60% reactors have no visible lesions at PM

Question 23

Prevention and control of bTB in cattle

Answer 23

BCG vaccination - skin test positive
DIVA test to allow vaccination and testing
BCG vaccination in badgers - reduces lesions but doesn’t cure, need to vaccinate enough individuals to have herd immunity
Biosecurity - movement testing, isolation, wildlife proofing, slurry storage, spreading and equipment

Question 24

Aetiology and Epidemiology of Contageous Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in cattle

Answer 24

Caused by mycoplasma mycoides bacterium
Widespread in Africa and eradicated in UK

Aerosol transmission, poor survival in the environment
Recovered animals may be carriers leading to challenges from control programmes

Question 25

Clinical signs of CBPP in cattle

Answer 25

Pyrexia
Increased respiratory rate and effort
Weight loss
Polyarthritis in affected calves?

Question 26

Control of CBPP in cattle

Answer 26

Vaccination where movements cannot be restricted
Treatment in endemic areas
Notifiable in England

Question 27

Diagnosis of BRD

Answer 27

Pathogen detection
Lung pathology - cadaver material with lesions
Clinical signs - farmer monitoring
Epidemiology based

Question 28

Treatment of BRD

Answer 28

NSAIDs
Antibiotics - own choice, RUMA category, duration of action
Electrolytes (dehydrated)
TLC

Question 29

Aetiology and Pathogenesis of pericarditis in cattle

Answer 29

Ingestion of sharp, linear metallic FB - tyre wires associated with clamp feeding
FB penetrates reticular wall into the pericardial sac due to contractions
Increase purulent material in pericardium leads to cardiac temponade

Question 30

Clinical signs of peritonitis in cattle

Answer 30

Cardiac temponade
Reduced cardiac output - forwards failure
Progression to CHF (backward) - submandibular and brisket oedema
Milk drop
Non-specific illness that appeared to resolve before recurring
Inappetence
Pain - abducted elbows, positive withers pinch
Rubbing/friction sounds on auscultation
Pyrexia - not in chronic cases