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Health and Society Year 3 > Cardiorespiratory > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Patient pathway

A

First contact (GP) –> referral –> completion of treatment

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2
Q

What does secondary prevention for MI include

A

Advice and support for medications and rehabilitation (exercise and psych support)

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3
Q

Barriers to gaining help for MI

A

Personal: Expected and experienced Sx differ, interfere with life
Geographical: Transport
Socio-economic: Finances/time off work
Organisational: Long waiting times

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4
Q

Methods to overcome MI barriers

A 
Public health Sx
Efficient transport
Interpreter
Paid sick leave
Reduce waiting times
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5
Q

What are performance indicators used for?

A

Made publicly available (e.g. mortality following surgery) to improve quality

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6
Q

4 benefits of performance indicators

A

Focusses attention on improving patient care
Public reassurance about effectiveness and safety
Competition will boost performance
Facilitate informed consumer choice

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7
Q

4 limitations of performance indicators

A

Negative impact on public trust
Case-mix: some areas only receive patients with poor prognosis, more complex cases have poorer prognoses.
Data manipulation: just treat healthier patients/ send them to other hospitals
Unmeasured performance will suffer

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8
Q

Which ethnicities are at a higher risk for IHD

A

South Asians - metabolic syndrome

African Caribbean - T2DM HTN

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9
Q

What is metabolic syndrome

A

HTN
High blood sugar
Excess body fat around the waist
Abnormal cholesterol

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10
Q

Differences in IHD between men and women

A

Develops later in women

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11
Q

Risk factors for IHD

  • biggest
  • non-modifiable and modifiable
A

BIGGEST: smoking
Non-modifiable: age, gender, FHx, ethnicity, socioeconomic
Modifiable: smoking, obesity, diet, alcohol, low exercise, high cholesterol

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12
Q

Scores to assess CVD risk

A

Framingham cohort charts
Q-Risk

10 year risk

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13
Q

How does smoking impact CVD

A

Increases risk by 50%, mortality is 60% higher

Passive smoking increases by 25%

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14
Q

% of CVD due to increased BMI

A

25-50%

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15
Q

Define central obesity

A

40 inch in men

35 inch in female

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16
Q

How much can exercise reduce CVD risk

A

30%

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17
Q

Exercise aim

A

150mins moderate/75 mins vigorous

18
Q

Alcohol

A

14 units/week over 3 days

19
Q

Primary prevention for MI

A

Don’t smoke, eat healthy foods, exercise, no alcohol, low bp

20
Q

Secondary prevention for MI

A

already have CVD

Prevent MI/stroke (treat HTN, drug management)

21
Q

Tertiary prevention for MI

A

After MI/stroke

CTPA, CABG, medications

22
Q

Define strategy and give an example

A

Systematic plan for achieving a specific goal or result

e.g. reducing CVD

23
Q

Target bp for male and female

A

male: 140/90
over 80: 150/90
DM: 140/80 (end organ damage 140/90)

24
Q

Cause of asthma

A

Genetics, infections and environmental triggers

25
Q

triggers of asthma

A

Allergen: smoke, dust mites, pollen
Occupational: paints, wood, grains, plastics

26
Q

Medications that affect asthma

A

NSAIDs and Beta blockers

27
Q

OTC and HRT before surgery

A

Stop 4 weeks before

28
Q

Aspirin before surgery

A

Stop 1 week before

29
Q

Low medium and high risk for DVT

A

Low: travel
Medium: PMHx, surgery over 30 min, pregnant, obese
High: Cancer, surgery

30
Q

Prevention of DVT

A

Low: keep moving and hydrated
Medium: compression stockings
High: LMWH, fondaparinux)

31
Q

Screen for latent TB

A

Mantoux test

32
Q

How to increase TB compliance

A

Improve access to healthcare
DOT
Interpreter
Culture infection using PCR to find resistance

33
Q

TB immunication

A

At risk areas of the country, family members from at risk countries, occupational risk

34
Q

Is the BCG a good vaccine

A

Varies in efficacy

35
Q

Screening for TB when new people enter the country

A

CXR

36
Q

How many people in the country smoke

A

1/6

37
Q

What are the benefits after stopping smoking

A

1 week: o2 levels improve
1 year: cvd risk halved
5 years: cancer risk halved
10 years: thrombosis risk same as non-smoker, lung cancer halved

38
Q

3 approaches to stop smoking

A

Counselling and stop smoking groups
Nicotine replacement therapy
Bupropion

39
Q

How does bupropion work

A

Reduces cravings and relieves withdrawal sx

40
Q

What is varenicline

A

Nicotine replacement agonist that binds and blocks to remove desired effects

Health and Society Year 3 (5 decks)

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