Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

732: Cardiopulmonary > Cardiopulmonary System Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of pulmonary physiology?

A
  • Ventilation
  • Gas exchange or respiration
  • Transport of gases to peripheral tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can be defined as the mechanical movement of gases into and out of the lungs?

A

ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate?

A

10-15 breaths per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is normal minute ventilation?

A

5L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can be defined as volume of air normally inhaled and exhaled with each breath during quiet breathing?

A

tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is normal TV?

A

350-500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can be defined as the additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond normal tidal inhalation?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is normal IRV?

A

3000 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can be defined as the additional volume of air that can be let out beyond normal tidal exhalation?

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is normal ERV?

A

1100 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can be defined as the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiratory effort?

A

residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is normal RV?

A

1200 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can be defined as the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal exhalation?

= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

A

inspiratory capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is normal What is normal IC?

A

3500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can be defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal tidal exhalation?

= expiratory reserve + residual volume

A

functional residual capactit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is normal FRC?

A

2300 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does functional residual capacity represent?

A

The point at which the forces tending to collapse lungs are balanced against the forces tending to expand chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can be defined as the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation?

= inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

A

vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is normal VC?

A

4500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can be defined as the maximum volume to which lungs can be expanded?

A

total lung capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is normal TLC?

A

5800 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Autonomic breathing receives input from where?

A

Neurons in brainstem – medulla oblongata/pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conscious breathing receives input from where?

A

Originates in the frontal lobe which sends signal down the corticospinal tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anxiety triggers hyperventilation which causes a(n) _____ in CO2 in the blood

A

reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors in the lungs?

A
  • irritant
  • stretch
  • J receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What law states that the pressure of given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume?

A

Boyle’s Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure during _____.

A

Expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure during _____.

A

Inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the difference between normal and mechanical ventilation?

A

Patients placed on mechanical ventilation lack the ability to generate an effective negative pressure or subatmospheric pressure. Therefore the mechanical ventilator forces air into the lungs through creation of positive pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure that exists within the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What role can PTs play in patients on mechanical ventilators?

A

Breathing exercises, due to weakness of the inspiratory muscles (including the diaphragm)

31
Q

What are the 2 opposing forces that exist during ventilation?

A

The inward pull from the elastic tension of the lung tissue trying to collapse the lung and an outward pull of the thoracic wall trying to expand the lungs

32
Q

What do these 2 pressures give rise to?

A

a subatmospheric (negative) pressure within the pleural space, called the intrapleural pressure

33
Q

Intrapleural pressure is normally _____ than the intrapulmonary pressure developed during both inspiration and expiration. What forms due to the differences between these 2 pressures?

A

lower

transmural pressure across the wall of the lung

34
Q

What is the significance of the transmural pressure?

A

allows changes in lung volume to parallel changes in thoracic excursion during inspiration and expiration

35
Q

When changes in lung volume do not parallel normal inward and outward pull during inspiration and expiration, and are in fact OPPOSITE, the breathing pattern is said to be what?

A

paradoxical

36
Q

In what type of patients is paradoxical breathing often seen?

A

In patients with multiple rib fractures and a resultant flail chest

37
Q

What are the 4 physical properties of the lungs?

A
  • compliance
  • elasticity
  • surface tension
  • resistance to airflow
38
Q

What can be defined as the change in lung volume per change in transmural pressure?

A

compliance

39
Q

What 2 things can cause reduced compliance?

A
  • factors that produce a resistance to distension

- approaching TLC

40
Q

In patients with emphysema compliance is ____. What does this result in?

A

high

A reduced inward pull from low recoil allows small changes in lung volumes and resultant hyperinflation of the lung. Therefore these patients tend to have barrel chests, flattened diaphragms, and increased accessory muscles

41
Q

What can be defined as the tendency of a structure to return to its initial size after being distended?

A

elasticity

42
Q

What surface active agent provides surface tension in the lungs?

A

surfactant

43
Q

What has a greater influence on resisting lung distention or compliance, elasticity or surface tension?

A

surface tension

44
Q

Why do premature babies tend to have collapsed alveoli and respiratory distress?

A

they have less surfactant

45
Q

What types of things cause increased resistance to airflow?

A
  • mucus
  • edema
  • autonomic innervation
46
Q

Parasympathetic activation of the bronchi leads to _____ resistance
Sympathetic activation of the bronchi leads to _____ resistanc

A

increased

decreased

47
Q

What can be defined as the process of gas exchange?

A

respiration

48
Q

What are the 2 main functions of respiration?

A
  • Replenishment of blood’s oxygen supply used for oxidative energy
  • Removal of CO2 returning from blood
49
Q

What are the 2 requirements for diffusion to occur?

A

1) air bringing in oxygen into the lungs (alveolar ventilation)
2) blood brought to the lungs from the right side of the heart (pulmonary perfusion)

50
Q

The differences in partial pressure of each gas within the alveoli and pulmonary capillary create a pressure gradient across the alveolar capillary interface, which enables gases to _____ from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

A

diffuse

51
Q

What can be defined as blood flow to the lungs available for gas exchange?

A

perfusion

52
Q

Low pH (acidosis) causes pulmonary vaso_____

A

constriction

53
Q

What 2 things must match at the level of the alveolar capillary interface in order for optimal respiration or gas exchange to occur?

A

distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion)

54
Q

True or False

Position does not play a role in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion to different aspects of the lungs

A

False

55
Q

98% of oxygen is transported by what?

A

hemoglobin

56
Q

Normal Hemoglobin Levels

Men: __-__ g/dL
Women: __-__ g/dL

A

13-18

12-16

57
Q

What disorder is characterized by low hemoglobin levels and a compromised ability to carry O2?

A

anemia

58
Q

What disorder is characterized by high hemoglobin levels?

A

polycythemia

59
Q

Decreased pH, increased CO2, and increased 2,3-DPG shift the oxyhemoglobin curve to the ____.

A

right

60
Q

What are the 3 ways by which CO2 is transported?

A

1) Bicarbonate
2) Dissolved in plasma
3) bound to carbaminohemoglobin

61
Q

What type of acids are largely eliminated from the body via the lungs?

A

metabolically produced acids

62
Q

The other blood acids are regulated by what organs?

A

kidneys and liver

63
Q

What are the 2 periods of the cardiac cycle?

A

systole (ventricular contraction)

diastole (ventricular relaxation)

64
Q

Cardiac Output = _-_L/min at rest on average

A

4-6

65
Q

Sympathetic nerve endings in the myocardial wall cause vaso____ of the coronary arteries when stimulated

A

vasodilation

66
Q

__-load is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

A

pre-load

67
Q

In healthy patients EDV = SV. In patients with CHF increased EDV ___ stroke volume

A

does not produce an increase

68
Q

The ___-load is a reflection of the pressure against which the heart has to contract to pump blood into the aota

A

afterload

69
Q

What is the best indicator of cardiac function?

A

EF

70
Q

What can be defined as the ratio of volume of blood ejected out of ventricles relative to volume of blood received by ventricles?

A

Ejection Fraction

71
Q

Normal EF = __-__%

A

60-70

72
Q

Describe coronary blood flow during diastole and systole

A

Squeezed during systole, but perfuse myocardium during diastole

73
Q

As one ages, left ventricular wall thickness _____.

A

increases

732: Cardiopulmonary (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions