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732: Cardiopulmonary > Cardiopulmonary System Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of pulmonary physiology?

A
  • Ventilation
  • Gas exchange or respiration
  • Transport of gases to peripheral tissue
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2
Q

What can be defined as the mechanical movement of gases into and out of the lungs?

A

ventilation

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3
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate?

A

10-15 breaths per minute

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4
Q

What is normal minute ventilation?

A

5L/min

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5
Q

What can be defined as volume of air normally inhaled and exhaled with each breath during quiet breathing?

A

tidal volume

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6
Q

What is normal TV?

A

350-500 mL

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7
Q

What can be defined as the additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond normal tidal inhalation?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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8
Q

What is normal IRV?

A

3000 mL

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9
Q

What can be defined as the additional volume of air that can be let out beyond normal tidal exhalation?

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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10
Q

What is normal ERV?

A

1100 mL

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11
Q

What can be defined as the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiratory effort?

A

residual volume

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12
Q

What is normal RV?

A

1200 mL

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13
Q

What can be defined as the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal exhalation?

= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

A

inspiratory capacity

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14
Q

What is normal What is normal IC?

A

3500 mL

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15
Q

What can be defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal tidal exhalation?

= expiratory reserve + residual volume

A

functional residual capactit

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16
Q

What is normal FRC?

A

2300 mL

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17
Q

What does functional residual capacity represent?

A

The point at which the forces tending to collapse lungs are balanced against the forces tending to expand chest wall

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18
Q

What can be defined as the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation?

= inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

A

vital capacity

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19
Q

What is normal VC?

A

4500 mL

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20
Q

What can be defined as the maximum volume to which lungs can be expanded?

A

total lung capacity

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21
Q

What is normal TLC?

A

5800 mL

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22
Q

Autonomic breathing receives input from where?

A

Neurons in brainstem – medulla oblongata/pons

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23
Q

Conscious breathing receives input from where?

A

Originates in the frontal lobe which sends signal down the corticospinal tracts

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24
Q

Anxiety triggers hyperventilation which causes a(n) _____ in CO2 in the blood

A

reduction

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25
What are the 3 types of receptors in the lungs?
- irritant - stretch - J receptor
26
What law states that the pressure of given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume?
Boyle's Law
27
Intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure during _____.
Expiration
28
Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure during _____.
Inspiration
29
What is the difference between normal and mechanical ventilation?
Patients placed on mechanical ventilation lack the ability to generate an effective negative pressure or subatmospheric pressure. Therefore the mechanical ventilator forces air into the lungs through creation of positive pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure that exists within the lung
30
What role can PTs play in patients on mechanical ventilators?
Breathing exercises, due to weakness of the inspiratory muscles (including the diaphragm)
31
What are the 2 opposing forces that exist during ventilation?
The inward pull from the elastic tension of the lung tissue trying to collapse the lung and an outward pull of the thoracic wall trying to expand the lungs
32
What do these 2 pressures give rise to?
a subatmospheric (negative) pressure within the pleural space, called the intrapleural pressure
33
Intrapleural pressure is normally _____ than the intrapulmonary pressure developed during both inspiration and expiration. What forms due to the differences between these 2 pressures?
lower transmural pressure across the wall of the lung
34
What is the significance of the transmural pressure?
allows changes in lung volume to parallel changes in thoracic excursion during inspiration and expiration
35
When changes in lung volume do not parallel normal inward and outward pull during inspiration and expiration, and are in fact OPPOSITE, the breathing pattern is said to be what?
paradoxical
36
In what type of patients is paradoxical breathing often seen?
In patients with multiple rib fractures and a resultant flail chest
37
What are the 4 physical properties of the lungs?
- compliance - elasticity - surface tension - resistance to airflow
38
What can be defined as the change in lung volume per change in transmural pressure?
compliance
39
What 2 things can cause reduced compliance?
- factors that produce a resistance to distension | - approaching TLC
40
In patients with emphysema compliance is ____. What does this result in?
high A reduced inward pull from low recoil allows small changes in lung volumes and resultant hyperinflation of the lung. Therefore these patients tend to have barrel chests, flattened diaphragms, and increased accessory muscles
41
What can be defined as the tendency of a structure to return to its initial size after being distended?
elasticity
42
What surface active agent provides surface tension in the lungs?
surfactant
43
What has a greater influence on resisting lung distention or compliance, elasticity or surface tension?
surface tension
44
Why do premature babies tend to have collapsed alveoli and respiratory distress?
they have less surfactant
45
What types of things cause increased resistance to airflow?
- mucus - edema - autonomic innervation
46
Parasympathetic activation of the bronchi leads to _____ resistance Sympathetic activation of the bronchi leads to _____ resistanc
increased decreased
47
What can be defined as the process of gas exchange?
respiration
48
What are the 2 main functions of respiration?
- Replenishment of blood’s oxygen supply used for oxidative energy - Removal of CO2 returning from blood
49
What are the 2 requirements for diffusion to occur?
1) air bringing in oxygen into the lungs (alveolar ventilation) 2) blood brought to the lungs from the right side of the heart (pulmonary perfusion)
50
The differences in partial pressure of each gas within the alveoli and pulmonary capillary create a pressure gradient across the alveolar capillary interface, which enables gases to _____ from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
diffuse
51
What can be defined as blood flow to the lungs available for gas exchange?
perfusion
52
Low pH (acidosis) causes pulmonary vaso_____
constriction
53
What 2 things must match at the level of the alveolar capillary interface in order for optimal respiration or gas exchange to occur?
distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion)
54
True or False Position does not play a role in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion to different aspects of the lungs
False
55
98% of oxygen is transported by what?
hemoglobin
56
Normal Hemoglobin Levels Men: __-__ g/dL Women: __-__ g/dL
13-18 12-16
57
What disorder is characterized by low hemoglobin levels and a compromised ability to carry O2?
anemia
58
What disorder is characterized by high hemoglobin levels?
polycythemia
59
Decreased pH, increased CO2, and increased 2,3-DPG shift the oxyhemoglobin curve to the ____.
right
60
What are the 3 ways by which CO2 is transported?
1) Bicarbonate 2) Dissolved in plasma 3) bound to carbaminohemoglobin
61
What type of acids are largely eliminated from the body via the lungs?
metabolically produced acids
62
The other blood acids are regulated by what organs?
kidneys and liver
63
What are the 2 periods of the cardiac cycle?
systole (ventricular contraction) | diastole (ventricular relaxation)
64
Cardiac Output = _-_L/min at rest on average
4-6
65
Sympathetic nerve endings in the myocardial wall cause vaso____ of the coronary arteries when stimulated
vasodilation
66
__-load is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
pre-load
67
In healthy patients EDV = SV. In patients with CHF increased EDV ___ stroke volume
does not produce an increase
68
The ___-load is a reflection of the pressure against which the heart has to contract to pump blood into the aota
afterload
69
What is the best indicator of cardiac function?
EF
70
What can be defined as the ratio of volume of blood ejected out of ventricles relative to volume of blood received by ventricles?
Ejection Fraction
71
Normal EF = __-__%
60-70
72
Describe coronary blood flow during diastole and systole
Squeezed during systole, but perfuse myocardium during diastole
73
As one ages, left ventricular wall thickness _____.
increases

732: Cardiopulmonary (5 decks)

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