Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy

Question 1

What ribs articulate with the sternum?

Answer 1

3-7

Question 2

What is the Angle of Louis aka and what happens at this point?

Answer 2

The sternal angle: level of bifurcation of the trachea into right and left main stem bronchi

Question 3

Where are chest tubes placed in reference to the ribs and why?

Answer 3

above the ribs to avoid trauma into the pleural space

Question 4

Where does blood exchange occur in the respiratory system?

Answer 4

The terminal respiratory (Acinar/alveoli) units

Question 5

What nerve innervates the lungs?

Answer 5

vagus nerve

Question 6

Which lung has 3 lobes and which has 2?

Answer 6

Right has 3

Left has 2

Question 7

What are the 2 major muscles that cause inspiration?

Answer 7

1) diaphragm

2) external intercostals

Question 8

If someone has difficulty inhaling what muscles are typically enlarged and overworked?

Answer 8

Accessory muscles: sternocleidomastoid, scalene, upper trapezius, pectoralis major/minor, serratus anterior, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior superior, thoracic erector spinae

Question 9

External intercostals _____ the lower rib in which they attach to
Internal intercostals _____ the upper rib in which they attach to

Answer 9

raise

depress

Question 10

What are the 2 major muscles that cause voluntary expiration?

Answer 10

1) abdominals

2) internal intercostal

Question 11

What is parenchyma?

Answer 11

any substance of the lung

typically porous/spongy in nature

Question 12

What is the hilus?

Answer 12

The point at which the nerves, vessels, and primary bronchi penetrate the parenchyma

Question 13

Describe the difference between the parietal and visceral pleura

Answer 13

The outer pleura (parietal pleura) is attached to the chest wall.
The inner pleura (visceral pleura) covers the lungs

Question 14

What is the anatomical dead space?

Answer 14

The portion of the airways (such as the mouth and trachea to the bronchioles) that conduct gas to the alveoli, but no gas exchange occurs

Question 15

Is anatominal dead space large or small in healthy lungs?

Answer 15

small

Question 16

In reference to dead space, why is it beneficial to fewer deep breaths, than to take more shallow breaths?

Answer 16

Which shallow breathing a large proportion of the breath is dead space, and does not allow oxygen to get into the blood

Question 17

What artery is primarily responsible for supplying the lungs with oxygenated, clean blood?

Answer 17

the bronchial artery (L and R)

Question 18

Where does the bronchial artery originate?

Answer 18

The thoracic aorta

Question 19

What arteries are responsible for pulmonary circulation, i.e. they only provide blood to the lungs?

Answer 19

The pulmonary arteries

Question 20

Inhaled foreign bodies are much more likely to enter which bronchus due to the fact that it is wider, shorter, and steeper?

Answer 20

right

Question 21

Sympathetic innervation causes broncho_____ and slight vaso______.

Answer 21

bronchodilation

vasoconstriction

Question 22

Parasympathetic innervation causes broncho_____ and indirect vaso______.

Answer 22

bronchoconstriction

vasodilation

Question 23

What ultimately controls the function of the lungs?

Answer 23

specialized peripheral and central chemoreceptors as well as respiratory center

Question 24

What is the Mediastinum?

Answer 24

a membranous partition between the right and left pleura of the lungs

Question 25

What are the 3 layers of the heart, inner to outermost?

Answer 25

• endocardium
• myocardium
• epicardium

Question 26

The tricuspid valve is on the ___ side of the heart and the ____ valve is on the left.

Answer 26

tricuspid

bicuspid

Question 27

Why is there a 0.1 second delay in the conduction system?

Answer 27

To allow for the blood to exit the atria before the ventricles contract

Question 28

Patients with an atrial flutter do not have the 0.1 second conduction delay, what does this result in?

Answer 28

back flow from the ventricles into the atria

Question 29

What type of patients are at most risk for embolism? Describe why…

Answer 29

a-fib patients because their rapid and irregular heartbeat cannot pump blood out of the heart efficiently which tends to result in blood pooling in the heart chambers, which increases the risk of clot and possible embolism