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sx and anes test 2 > cardiopulmonary review > Flashcards

cardiopulmonary review Flashcards

1
Q

Mean Arterial pressure equals what?

A

Cardiac output X systemic vascular resistance

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2
Q

What is MAP=CO X SVR good for?

A

fixing hypotensive patients

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3
Q

electrophysiology

A

electrical activity required for mechanical activity to occur

excitation-contraction coupling

distribution of Na, K, Cl, and Ca responsible for electrical potential across cell membranes

normal distribution of ions required for normal electrical activity to occur

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4
Q

What does 0 represent?

A

rapid inward Na flux

rapid depolarization

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5
Q

What does 1 represent

A

transient outward K+ flux

initial repolarization

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6
Q

What does 2 represent?

A

large, slow inward Ca flux

triggers cellular Ca release

cell contracts

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7
Q

what does 3 represent?

A

Outward K flux

repolarization

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8
Q

What does 4 represent

A

resting phase

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9
Q

What does 0 represent

A

slower inward Na and Ca flux

slower rate of depolarization

pacemaker cells

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10
Q

What does 2 represent

A

large slow inward Ca flux

trigger cellular Ca release

cell contracts

pacemaker cells

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11
Q

What does 3 represent?

A

outward K flux

repolarization

pacemaker cells

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12
Q

What does 4 represent?

A

Slow inward Na flux

slow depolarization

pacemaker cells

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13
Q

diastolic depolarization

A

SA & AV node, purkinje system

resting potential gradually depolarizes

reaches threshold, triggers action potential

cardiac tissue with the most rapid rate of rise of phase 4 determines heart rate

Usually SA node

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14
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

calcium

Action potential (phase 2)–>inward Ca flux

trigger Ca release from sacroplasmic reticulum

Ca binds to troponin C

Actin and myosin can now interact

cell contracts

strength of contraction depends on amount of Ca

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15
Q

What interferes with excitation contraction coupling and Ca?

A

inhalants

increase phase 2 of action potential

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16
Q

What is most important in delivering oxygen to tissues?

A

Hemoglobin

17
Q

What pathophysiologies affect delivery of oxygen?

A

Anemia

Low CO (low MAP)

Acid-base imbalances

hypothermia

18
Q

Blood pressure

A

best measurement of perfusion

MAP=CO X SVR

19
Q

Cardiac output equals?

A

heart rate X stroke volume

20
Q

What is stroke volume affected by?

A

preload

afterload

contractility

21
Q

At what bp would a small animal patient be considered hypotensive?

A

<60 mmHg

22
Q

At what bp would a large animal patient be considered hypotensive?

A

<70 mmHg

maintain perfusion to skeletal muscles

23
Q

At what bp would a small animal renal patient be considered hypotensive?

A

<70 mmHg

24
Q

At what bp would a hypertensive patient be considered hypotensive?

A

try to keep within 20% of normal for that patient

25
Q

What affects cardiac output?

A

most anesthetics

arrhythmias

contractility

decreased preload

low SVR

automaticity effects

26
Q

What increases automaticity of the heart?

A

tachycardia

hyperthermia

hypoxia

hypokalemia

hypercalcemia

catecholamines

27
Q

inspiration

A

slight negative intrathoracic pressure

active process (diaphragm, external intercostal)

augments venous return

28
Q

expiration

A

slight positive pressure

passive or active process (internal intercostals, horses, reptiles, birds)

29
Q

Goals of Ventilation

A

Gas exchange!

CO2 removal

Oxygenation of Hemoglobin

30
Q

control of ventilation

A

central: pons and Medulla

Chemoreceptors

31
Q

central control of ventilation

A

pons: pneumotaxic center, apneusti center

Medulla: Dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group

32
Q

chemoreceptor control of ventilation

A

Oxygen, CO2 and H concentrations

peripheral chemoreceptors: Carotid body, aortic bodies

Central Chemoreceptors: sense CO2, BBB less permeable to H+

33
Q

5 reasons for hypoxemia

A

low inspirated O2 (FiO2)

Hypoventilation

diffusion impairment

ventilation/perfusion mismatch

shunt

34
Q

V/Q mismatch

A

Normal lung has a range of V/Q matching

Well ventilated but no perfusion–>physiologic dead space, V/Q=infinity

no ventilation/well perfused–>shunt, V/Q = 0

sx and anes test 2 (5 decks)

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