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NPTE-PTA STUDY :) > Cardiopulmonary + Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary + Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

layers of heart tissue

A

-pericardium: fibrous sac protecting the heart
-epicardium: inner layer of pericardium, outer surface of the heart
-myocardium: heart muscle
-endocardium: smooth lining of the cavities of the heart

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2
Q

SA node

A

(sinoatrial node) pacemaker of the heart

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3
Q

AV node

A

(atrioventricular node) ensures ventricles contract together

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4
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction (~70mL)

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5
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood discharged from the L/R ventricle per minute (4-6 L)

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6
Q

ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood emptied from the ventricle during systole

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7
Q

artery vs vein structure n function

A

Arteries
-circulates oxygenated blood
-have contractile abilities (allows vasoconstriction/dilation)
-thick to tolerate blood pressure
Veins
- return deoxygenated blood to the heart
-not contractile; instead have valves to prevent backflow, relies on outside factors

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8
Q

lymphatic system purpose

A

-drains lymph from body tissues and returns it to venous circulation
-contain macrophages to rid of bacteria and pathogens

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9
Q

hyper/hypokalemia

A

inc/dec potassium

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10
Q

hyper/hypokalemia

A

inc/dec calcium

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11
Q

hyper/hyponatremia

A

inc/dec sodium

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12
Q

HDL vs LDL

A

HDL - good :)
LDL - bad :(

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13
Q

normal HR: adult/pediatric

A

-adult: 70~60-100bpm
-pediatric: 120~70-170

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14
Q

auscultation landmarks

A

-aortic: R 2nd intercostal space at sternal border
-pulmonic: L 2nd intercostal space at sternal border
-tricuspid: L 4th intercostal space at sternal border
-mitral: L 5th intercostal space at midclavicular area

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15
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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16
Q

PR interval

A

time required for impulse to travel from atria to purkinje fibers

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17
Q

QRS wave

A

ventricular depolarization

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18
Q

ST interval

A

ventricular repolarization

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19
Q

OH

A

(othostatic hypotension) drop in BP accompanied by a change in position
>20 mmHg systolic
>10 mmHg diastolic

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20
Q

normal RR: adult/pediatric

A

adult: 12-20 breaths/min
pediatric: 30-60 breaths/min

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21
Q

cyanosis

A

blue facial tint associated with decrease oxygenation

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21
Q

pallor

A

white facial tint associated with decreased peripheral blood flow

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22
Q

rubor

A

dependent redness

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23
Q

clubbing

A

curvature of the fingernails, indicated chronic oxygen deficiency

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24
intermittent claudication
LE pain and cramping during exercise that is relieved with rest, associated with PAD
25
grading scale for pitting edema
1+) mild (1/4in) 2+) moderate (1/4-1/2in), rebounds within 15 seconds 3+) severe (1/2-1in), rebounds within 15-30 seconds 4+) very severe (>1in), rebounds >30 seconds
26
pH of whole blood
7.35-7.45 acid - below base - above "A comes before B"
27
prothrombin time
time it takes for blood to clot
28
normal WBC count
4,300-10,800 indicative of immune system status
29
normal RBC count
male: 4.6-6.2 female: 4.2-5.9
30
hematocrit
% of RBC in whole blood male: 45-52% female: 37-48% -can cause increased fatigue
31
normal hemoglobin count
male: 13-18 female: 12-16 -can cause increased fatigue
32
normal platelet count
150,000-450,000 -increased risk of bleeding <20k AROM, ADLs 20-30k light exercise 30-50k moderate exercise
33
atherosclerosis
when fats occlude around artery walls causing narrowing of blood vessels
34
ACS
(acute coronary syndrome/coronary artery disease) an imbalance of myocardial oxygen supple and demand resulting in ischemic chest pain -s/s present when lumen is at least 70% occluded
35
angina pectoris
chest pain d/t ischemia
36
2 types of angina
~stable angina: predictable chest pain, relieved with rest ~unstable angina: unpredictable (w/o any precipitating factors) chest pain ~variant angina:
37
MI
(myocardial infarction) prolonged ischemia/death of myocardium caused by coronary artery occlusion
38
STEMI
(ST elevated MI) complete blockage of major coronary artery
39
non STEMI
(non ST elevated MI)
40
CHF
(congestive heart failure) heart becomes an inadequate pump
41
left vs right sided heart failure
L: pulmonary edema R: abdominal edema
42
BP
(blood pressure) measure of resistance exerted against arterial walls -prolonged hypertension leads to decreased elasticity
43
BORG RPE
(rate of perceived exertion) used when medications blunt HR/BP 6-20 ~consistent with HR 6) no exertion 9) very light 11) light 13) somewhat hard [HALFWAY] 15) hard 17) very hard 19) extremely hard 20) max exertion
44
ACE inhibitors
decreases BP
45
nitro
reduce angina by inducing vasodilation
46
calcium channel blocking agents
decrease HR/BP
47
diuretic
reduce fluid buildup in the body
48
CABG
(coronary artery bypass graft) improve blood flow to the heart by bypassing obstructed or narrow arteries
49
statins
decrease cholesterol
50
arteriosclerosis
chronic, occlusive arterial disease -associated with HTN, hyperlipidemia -intermittent claudication -NO elevation
51
Raynaud's Phenomenon
abnormal vasoconstriction in response to cold/emotional stress -pallor, cyanosis, numbness, tingling
52
DVT
(deep vein thrombosis) clot formation usually occurring in LE
53
MET
amount of O2 consumed at rest
54
sternal precautions
-log rolling -no pushing, pulling, lifting >10lbs -"hug pillow" during coughs
55
valsalva maneuver
forceful exhalation against a closed airway FIX: inhalation during lowering phase, exhalation during lifting phase
56
lymphedema
chronic disorder characterized by accumulation of lymph fluid d/t mechanical insufficiency 2 types: -primary: hereditary -secondary: insult to lymphatic system
57
stages of lymphedema
0) latent 1) reversible, edema resolved with elevation 2) spontaneously irreversible, edema not affected by elevation 3) elephantiasis, fibrotic changes
58
lipedema
excessive subcutaneous fat deposition BUT symmetrical swelling of extremities
59
lymphangitis
acute infection that spreads throughout the lymphatic system -red streaks
60
CDT
(complete decongestive therapy) treatment for lymphedema
61
short stretch vs long stretch bandages
short stretch: low resting, high working pressure long stretch: high resting, low working pressure
62
tidal volume
(TD) volume of gas inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing
63
inspiratory reserve volume
(IRV) volume of gas that can be inhaled beyond normal breath
64
expiratory reserve volume
(ERV) volume of gas that can be exhaled beyond normal breath
65
residual volume
(RV) volume of gas that remains in the lungs after full exhalation
66
inspiratory capacity
(IRV+TV) amount of air that can be inhaled
67
vital capacity
(IRV+TV+ERV) amount of air that is under volitional control
68
functional residual capacity
(ERV+RV) amount of air that resides after a normal exhalation
69
total lung capacity
(IRV+TV+ERV+RV) total amount of air in the lungs
70
adventitious sounds
-crackles: low pitched crackling sound heard during inspiration d/t condition in peripheral airways -wheezes: high pitched hissing sound heard during expiration d/t airway obstruction
71
COPD
(chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder) difficulty getting air OUT - barrel chest -bronchitis -emphysema -asthma
72
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
repeated cycles of deep breathing followed by shallow breaths/breathing cessation
73
paradoxical breathing
(reverse breathing) chest wall depression during inspiration, expansion during exhalation
74
Kussmaul's respiration
(air hungry) dyspnea characterized by increased RR, deep breathing
75
comparing lung values: normal vs restrictive/obstructive
restrictive: can't get air IN causing dec IRV, ERV obstructive: can't get air OUT, trapped air causing dec ERV, inc RV
76
chronic bronchitis
chronic inflammation of airways that causes increased mucus production, SOB, fatigue -diagnosed by chronic cough for 3 months for 2 consecutive years
77
emphysema
progressive alveolar destruction
78
asthma
chronic inflammatory disease caused by stimuli
79
bronchiectasis
chronic condition where bronchi become permanently widened/damaged leading to mucus build up
80
CF
(cystic fibrosis) thickening of secretions of exocrine glands
81
restrictive pulmonar disorders
82
pneumothorax
air in pleural space
83
atelactasis
collapsed alveoli
84
pleural effusion
excessive fluid between pleura
85
pulmonary fibrosis
chronic, progressive pneumonia that causes scarring of the lung tissue
86
diaphragmatic breathing
increase ventilation/relaxation, decreased work of breathing
87
segmental breathing
facilitates inhalation to a certain segment by instructing pt to breathe "into your hand"
88
pursed lip breathing
reduce dyspnea
89
Hickman catheter
catheter in superior vena cava

NPTE-PTA STUDY :) (4 decks)

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