Cardiopulm physiology (exam 1)

Question 1

acetylcholine (cholinergic) in lungs?

Answer 1

mostly parasympathetic

bronchodilation

Question 2

norepinephrine (adrenergic) in heart and lungs?

Answer 2

depends on which receptor it lands on
alpha 1 receptor: contraction of vessels via smooth mm
alpha 2 receptor: inhibitory, relaxation of vessels
beta 1 receptors: works on SA node of heart to increase HR
beta 2 receptors:works on vent. system, bronchodilation

Question 3

in patients with COPD, what do u need to be aware of with prescribing beta blockers?

Answer 3

general beta blockers will help to dec. HR but will also constrict the lungs so u pts with COPD need a beta selective drug to only work on beta 1 receptors and not also on beta 2s.

Question 4

types of cholenergic receptors

Answer 4

muscarinic= post synaptic and effector organ
nicotinic= pre/post synaptic neurons in ANS

Question 5

types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 5

alpha

beta

Question 6

dopaminergic receptors

Answer 6

receptors in adrenal glands, blood vessels and heart

Question 7

what is chronotropic incompetence?

Answer 7

HR plateaus before reaching 85%

Question 8

tidal volume

Answer 8

volume of air normally exhaled/inhaled per breath

increases with esercise

Question 9

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 9

IRV- additional volume taken into lungs above a normal TV breath

Question 10

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 10

ERV- additional volume let out of lungs on top of normal TV exhalation

Question 11

residual volume

Answer 11

RV= air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiratory effort

Question 12

how is RV changed in ppl with RESTRICTIVE lung diseases? like SCI

Answer 12

it goes up, more air left in lungs after each breath bc mm that do the work of breathing out are flaccid or weak

Question 13

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 13

IC= TV+IRV

max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal TV exhale

Question 14

Functional residual capacity

Answer 14

FRC= ERV + RV, amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal exhale

Question 15

which measure represents the point at which the forces tending to collapse the lung are perfectly balanced with the forces tending to expand chest wall

Answer 15

FRC

Question 16

Vital capacity

Answer 16

VC= TV+IRV+ERV, max amount of air that can be exhaled following a max inhale

Question 17

Total lung capacity

Answer 17

TLC= sum of all pulmonary volumes

max volume to which lungs can be expanded

Question 18

minute ventilation

Answer 18

TV x RR

Question 19

body’s norm. pH?

Answer 19

7.4

Question 20

if the pH changes by one unit (say from 7 to 6) what happens with the H+ concentration

Answer 20

increases x10!

Question 21

whats the bicarb to carbonic acid ratio to keep a 7,4 pH?

Answer 21

20:1

24 mEq/L of bicarb: 1.2mEq/L of carbonic acid

Question 22

the motor neurons for the resp. mm are controlled by what?

Answer 22

the resp. control center

made up of inspiratory and expiratory centers.

Question 23

what does the medullary inspiratory control center monitor?

Answer 23

BBB receptors monitor and are sensitive to H+ in the CSF,(H+ can’t directly diffuse accross the BBB but CO2 gets accross and then chemically changes to release H+) high levels of H+ trigger the inspiratory center to inc. rate and depth of breathing to clear out the CO2

Question 24

what establishes rate and depth of breathing?

Answer 24

regulatory control center (made up of med. inspiratory and med. expiratory centers)

Question 25

what can override the medullary inspiratory and expiratory centers?

Answer 25

cerebral cortex- like sighing

Question 26

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 26

located in the aortic arch and both carotid AA

sensitive to changes in O2, CO2 and H+

Question 27

what receptors serve as a safety mechanism to decrease duration of inspiration?

Answer 27

lung receptors sensing acute stretch of alveoli

Question 28

how do mechanical receptors contribute to breathing?

Answer 28

sense movement in sk. mm including intercostals and diaphragm