Cardiopulm physiology (exam 1) Flashcards
acetylcholine (cholinergic) in lungs?
mostly parasympathetic
bronchodilation
norepinephrine (adrenergic) in heart and lungs?
depends on which receptor it lands on
alpha 1 receptor: contraction of vessels via smooth mm
alpha 2 receptor: inhibitory, relaxation of vessels
beta 1 receptors: works on SA node of heart to increase HR
beta 2 receptors:works on vent. system, bronchodilation
in patients with COPD, what do u need to be aware of with prescribing beta blockers?
general beta blockers will help to dec. HR but will also constrict the lungs so u pts with COPD need a beta selective drug to only work on beta 1 receptors and not also on beta 2s.
types of cholenergic receptors
muscarinic= post synaptic and effector organ nicotinic= pre/post synaptic neurons in ANS
types of adrenergic receptors
alpha
beta
dopaminergic receptors
receptors in adrenal glands, blood vessels and heart
what is chronotropic incompetence?
HR plateaus before reaching 85%
tidal volume
volume of air normally exhaled/inhaled per breath
increases with esercise
inspiratory reserve volume
IRV- additional volume taken into lungs above a normal TV breath
Expiratory reserve volume
ERV- additional volume let out of lungs on top of normal TV exhalation
residual volume
RV= air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiratory effort
how is RV changed in ppl with RESTRICTIVE lung diseases? like SCI
it goes up, more air left in lungs after each breath bc mm that do the work of breathing out are flaccid or weak
Inspiratory capacity
IC= TV+IRV
max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal TV exhale
Functional residual capacity
FRC= ERV + RV, amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal exhale
which measure represents the point at which the forces tending to collapse the lung are perfectly balanced with the forces tending to expand chest wall
FRC
Vital capacity
VC= TV+IRV+ERV, max amount of air that can be exhaled following a max inhale
Total lung capacity
TLC= sum of all pulmonary volumes
max volume to which lungs can be expanded
minute ventilation
TV x RR
body’s norm. pH?
7.4
if the pH changes by one unit (say from 7 to 6) what happens with the H+ concentration
increases x10!
whats the bicarb to carbonic acid ratio to keep a 7,4 pH?
20:1
24 mEq/L of bicarb: 1.2mEq/L of carbonic acid
the motor neurons for the resp. mm are controlled by what?
the resp. control center
made up of inspiratory and expiratory centers.
what does the medullary inspiratory control center monitor?
BBB receptors monitor and are sensitive to H+ in the CSF,(H+ can’t directly diffuse accross the BBB but CO2 gets accross and then chemically changes to release H+) high levels of H+ trigger the inspiratory center to inc. rate and depth of breathing to clear out the CO2
what establishes rate and depth of breathing?
regulatory control center (made up of med. inspiratory and med. expiratory centers)
