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Cardiopulmonary > Cardiopulm A&P > Flashcards

Cardiopulm A&P Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

space where the heart is located within the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

what is the heart’s position?

A

apex located at 5th intercostal space under the sternum

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3
Q

What is the innermost cardiac layer?

A

endocardium

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4
Q

what is the “meat of the heart?”

A

myocardium, this muscle does all the work

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5
Q

what is the outer layer of the heart?

A

visceral pericardium or epicardium - houses nerves here as well

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6
Q

why are there two layers to the pericardium, and what are they?

A

Parietal pericardium and Fibrous pericardium – contains 10-20ml of serous fluid between to reduce fruction

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7
Q

which layer is connected to the diaphragm?

A

fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

when does perfusion of the heart occur?

A

during diastole as the valve closes and blood returns to coronary arteries

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9
Q

What are the 5 main coronary arteries?

A

Left Main, Left Anterior Descending, Left Circumflex, Right Coronary Artery, Posterior Descending

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10
Q

what does the left main artery supply?

A

left ventricle / atrium

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11
Q

what does the left anterior descending artery supply?

A

front region of the left side of the heart // anterior 2/3 of septum and anterior portion of left ventricle // **provides 1/2 of aterial supply

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12
Q

what does the left circumflex artery supply?

A

back and outer side of the heart’s left pumping chambers, including the left atrium and the posterior-lateral aspect of the left ventricle

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13
Q

what does the right coronary artery supply?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, and the SA and AV nodes

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14
Q

what does the posterior descending artery supply?

A

the posterior one-third of the interventricular septum

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15
Q

what is the blood flow through the heart?

A

right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aortic semilunar valve –> aorta –> thru body –> sup/inf vena cava –> right atrium

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16
Q

what is the atrial kick?

A

blood flows passively to the ventricle, when atria contacts it squeezes last 25% of blood from atria to ventricles

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17
Q

does the atria or ventricles contract first?

A

atria by milliseconds

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18
Q

what does the radial pulse measure?

A

left ventricular output to the body

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19
Q

what is the pathway of electrical signals in the heart?

A

SA node generates signal –> signal spreads throughout atria –> signal gathers in AV node –> signal travels to Bundle of His –> signal passes through ventricles (continuations of Bundle of His) –> singal spreads to Perkinje fibers

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20
Q

What is the P wave on an EKG?

A

Depolarization of atria - contraction

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21
Q

What is the QRS complex on an EKG?

A

Perkinje depolarization of ventricles - contraction

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22
Q

What is the T wave on an EKG?

A

system resets – repolarization

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23
Q

what does the cardiac plexus contain?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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24
Q

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in the cardiac plexus?

A

increases HR and contractility, increases BP, reduced AV conduction time

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25
Q

What role does the parasympathetic nervous system play in the cardiac plexus?

A

lowers sympathetic influence, vagus nerve acts to slow HR and decreases contractility

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26
Q

what is the stroke volume?

A

volume/amount of blood ejected from ventricles with each contraction

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27
Q

what is the cardiac output?

A

amount of blood ejected into aorta each minute // stroke volume x HR = CO (usually 5 L/min)

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28
Q

what is the Ejection Fraction?

A

proportion of blood pumped from left ventricle at end of diastole // EF = SV/EDV (end diastolic volume) ((whatever filled ventricle at end of diastole)) // usually 55-75%

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29
Q

What three factors influence stroke volume?

A

Preload, Afterload, and Contractility

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30
Q

What is Preload?

A

amount of tension on the muscle before it contracts

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31
Q

What is afterload?

A

load against which the muscle exerts its contraction

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32
Q

what is contractility?

A

muscular performance

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33
Q

what is Frank Starling’s Law?

A

indicates that the increased filling pressure of the right heart results in increased cardiac output

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34
Q

what is blood flow determined by?

A

pressure gradient & vasular resistance (vasodilation / constriction)

35
Q

What is laminar blood flow?

A

streamlined flow

36
Q

What is turbulent blood flow?

A

disorderly flow created by obstruction or bifurcation

37
Q

how do you measure arterial pressure?

A

CO x Total Peripheral Resistance

38
Q

What does a high arterial pressure indicate?

A

increased workload on the heart

39
Q

what is venous return?

A

return of blood to right atrium via superior and inferior vena cava

40
Q

Where is venous pressure the highest?

A

distally, lowest at junction of vena cava w/ atrium

41
Q

how does blood flow back to the heart from the feet?

A

muscles contract / helps push the blood up and valves stop it from going back down

42
Q

what are normal levels of sodium?

A

134-145 mmdl/L

43
Q

what are normal levels of potassium?

A

3.5 - 5.0 mmdl/L

44
Q

what is the major muscle of inspiration?

A

diaphragm

45
Q

what are the accessory INspiratory muscles?

A

SCM, scalenes, upper traps, pec major/minor, serratus anterior, rhomboids, lats

46
Q

what does the diaphragm look like at rest?

A

jellyfish, visceral organs help maintain its position

47
Q

how far down does the diaphragm descend at rest and during exercise?

A

descends down to an inch at rest, with exercise diaphragm drops 4”

48
Q

when a patient is bent over and stabilizing their arms on knees or a surface, what muscle is aiding in breathing out?

A

pec major, serratus

49
Q

when coaches instruct athletes to raise their arms above their head after exercising, what type of breathing are they encouraging: diaphragmatic or accessory?

A

diaphragmatic // not a good option and wouldn’t use for cardiopulm patients

50
Q

when the diaphragm flattens/contracts, which direction does it go?

A

anterior/posterior + head/toe, all directions, circumferential expansion of thoracic cage

51
Q

what layer surrounds the lungs?

A

pleural layer - parietal and visceral and also contains fluid to allow sliding during expansion

52
Q

how far down does the pleural layer extend past the lung tissue and why?

A

2 ribs lower than the lungs to allow protected room for expansion

53
Q

at rest, where do the lungs sit? how far down do they go when you inhale?

A

at rib 5-6, expand to about rib 8

54
Q

what is the hilus of the lungs?

A

point where nerves, vessels, and primary bronchi enter parenchyma of lungs

55
Q

what is the root of the lungs?

A

primary bronchus, pulmonary artery/veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary nerve plexus, lymph vessels

56
Q

how many lobes does the R/L lobe have?

A

R - 3, L - 2. L is smaller because of the heart

57
Q

what is the purpose of the upper respiratory tract?

A

filtration and warms/adds moisture to the air

58
Q

what is the purpose of the lower respiratory tract?

A

some pathways are for just for air to travel through, some are for gas exchange

59
Q

what are the 3 lobar branches of the right lung?

A

upper, middle, lower

60
Q

what are the 2 lobar branches of the left lung?

A

upper/lingula, lower

61
Q

what are the 3 segments of the right upper lobe?

A

apical, anterior, posterior

62
Q

what are the 2 segments of the right middle lobe?

A

medial, lateral

63
Q

what are the 5 segments of the right lower lobe?

A

superior, medial, anterior, lateral, and posterior

64
Q

what are the 4 segments of the left upper lobe?

A

Anterior, apicoposterior, inferior, and superior lingular

65
Q

what are the 4 segments of the left lower lobe?

A

Lateral, anteromedial, superior, and posterior

66
Q

what is involved in the removal of inhaled particulare matter?

A

mucociliary escalator

67
Q

what is the functional unit of the lungs?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli // sit for exchange of O2 and CO2

68
Q

how thick are the alveoli?

A

1 cell layer thick , surrounded by capillary beds to allow blood/gas exchange

69
Q

what do the alveoli produce?

A

surfactant - decreases affinity to collapse // decreases surface tension

70
Q

what is the parenchyma?

A

“meat of the lung,” does the work and this is what you hear during lung sounds. alveoli, alveolar ducts, small pulm. blood vessels

71
Q

what is the interstitium?

A

space of thin layer of connective tissue between alveoli and alveolar capillaries to keep them next to each other

72
Q

what input does the parasympathetic system do to the lungs?

A

vagus nerve –> bronchial constriction, dilation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle, increased mucous secretion

73
Q

what input does the sympathetic system do to the lungs?

A

bronchial relaxation, constriction of arterial smooth muscle, decreased mucous secretion

74
Q

what is ventilation?

A

movement of gases

75
Q

what is respiration?

A

diffusion of gases

76
Q

what are the mechanics of ventilation?

A

change in pressure gradient to allow for airflow –> we create a negative pressure in relation to atmospheric air pressure when we breathe in so air can come in

77
Q

what is happening during quiet breathing / how is air moved? (expiration)

A

expiration results from passive recoil of the lungs

78
Q

what muscles are actively working during expiration?

A

abdominal muscles, rectus abdominis, ext. obliques, int. obliques, transversus abdominis

79
Q

what is normal atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mmHg

80
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the amount of air that moves in/out in one breath cycle

81
Q

what is compliance?

A

ability to expand

82
Q

what is elasticity?

A

tendency of structure to recoil // passive (think: quiet breathing during expiration)

83
Q

what is surface tension?

A

resistance to expansion – surfactant decreases this

Cardiopulmonary (9 decks)

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