CardioPulm Flashcards
hypovolemia
causes of
signs and symptoms
decreased blood vol (vol of plasma)
causes: bleeding, dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, severe burns, diuretic medications used to treat hypertension
S/S: orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, elevated blood temp
hypervolemia
causes of
signs and symptoms
fluid overload, inc blood plasma
causes: excess intake of fluids (IV, blood transfusion), sodium or fluid retention (heart failure, kidney disease)
S/S: swilling in leg, ascites (fluid in abdomen), fluid in lungs
anemia
# of red blood cells too low --> blood carries less oxygen --> fatigue and weakness
polycythemia
# of red blood cells too high --> blood too thick --> inc risk of stroke or heart attack
thrombocytopenia
low # of platelets (thrombocytes)
–> inc risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding
thrombocythemia
high # of platelets (thrombocytes)
–> inc risk of thrombosis –> stroke or heart attack
5 types of WBCs
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
leukopenia
low number WBCs (leukocytes)
–> inc risk of infection
leukocytosis
high number WBCs (leukocytes)
–> indicates infection or leukemia
principal mms of inspiration
diaphragm, internal intercostals, external intercostals
accessory mms of inspiration
used during high levels of ventilation
SCM, scalenes, pec major and minor, serratus anterior
mms of exhalation (forceful breathing)
rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transverse abdominis
pneumothroax
air in pleural space
hemothorax
blood in pleural space
empyema
pleural fluid that is infected and turns into an access (can be a result of pleural effusion)
pH
evaluates acid-base status
norm: 7.4 (7.35-7.45)
PaCO2
ventilation status and how well lungs are able to remove CO2
norm: 40 mmHg sea level air (35-45mmHg)
PaO2
evaluates oxygenation of arterial blood
norm: 97 mmHg at sea level (80-100 mmHg)
HCO3-
Bicarbonate… chemical buffering system to keep blood from becoming too acidic or basic
norm: 24 mEq/L (22-26mmEq/L)
SaO2
percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
norm: 95-98%
Acidemia
elevated acidity of blood (pH less than 7.45)
alkalemia
decreased acidity of blood (pH greater than 7.45)
Eucapnia
normal level of CO2 in arterial blood
PaCO2 35-45 mmHg
Hypercapnia
elevated level of CO2 in arterial blood
PaCO2 greater than 45 mmHg
hypocapnia
low levels of CO2 in arterial blood
PaCO2 less than 35 mmHg
hypoxemia
low level of O2 in arterial blood
PaO2 less than 80 mmHg
mild hypoxemia
PaO2 60-79 mmHg
moderate hypoxemia
PaO2 40-59 mmHg
severe hypoxemia
PaO2 greater than 40 mmHg
hypoxia
low level of O2 in the tissue despite adequate perfusion of blood
CK-MB
creatine phophokinase relatively specific test for MI appears after 4 hours peaks 12-24 hrs declines 48-72 hours
cardiac troponin-I
specific marker for cardiac infarction
remains elevated for 5-7 days
Lipid panel/profile
Cholesterol Lab Test measuring cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, determine risk of atherosclerosis
four types of lipids: total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides
complete blood count
performed to assess health, diagnose and monitor medical condition, monitor effects of medical treatment
measures red blood cell count, total white blood cell count, white blood cell differential, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
hematocrit
percentage of RBCs in total blood vol
norms: 40-54% males, 37-48% females
low: anemia, blood loss, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, acute hemorrhage
high: dehydration, polycythemia vera, shock
no exercise less than 25%
WBCs
immune system status
norm: 4,500-11,000 cells/mm3
high: infection, leukemia, lymphoma, inflammation, corticosteroids
low: aplastic anemia, b12 or folate deficiency
no exercise
hemoglobin
norms: 14-18 g/dL males, 12-15 g/dL females
inc: polycythemia, dehydration, shock
dec: anemias, prolonge hemorrhage, RBC destruction
no exercise: 8 g/dL
light: 8-10
resistive: greater than 10
Platelet count
norm: 150,000 - 450,000 cells/mm3
inc: chronic leukemia, hemoconcentration
dec: thrombocytopenia, acute leukemia, aplastic anemia, cancer chemotherapy
pt at an inc risk for bleeding with low levels
no exercise less than 20,000
INR
international normalized ratio evaluates anticoagulation levels norm: 0.8 - 1.2 healthy look for active signs of bleeding when treating patients with DVT, PE, mechanical valves, a-fib, anticoagulation therapy --> INR 2-3 no exercise greater than 5 light 4-5 resistive less than 5
