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Boards Review > CardioPulm > Flashcards

CardioPulm Flashcards

1
Q

hypovolemia
causes of
signs and symptoms

A

decreased blood vol (vol of plasma)

causes: bleeding, dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, severe burns, diuretic medications used to treat hypertension

S/S: orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, elevated blood temp

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2
Q

hypervolemia
causes of
signs and symptoms

A

fluid overload, inc blood plasma

causes: excess intake of fluids (IV, blood transfusion), sodium or fluid retention (heart failure, kidney disease)

S/S: swilling in leg, ascites (fluid in abdomen), fluid in lungs

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3
Q

anemia

A 
# of red blood cells too low 
--> blood carries less oxygen --> fatigue and weakness
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4
Q

polycythemia

A 
# of red blood cells too high 
--> blood too thick --> inc risk of stroke or heart attack
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5
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low # of platelets (thrombocytes)

–> inc risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding

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6
Q

thrombocythemia

A

high # of platelets (thrombocytes)

–> inc risk of thrombosis –> stroke or heart attack

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7
Q

5 types of WBCs

A 
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils 
basophils
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8
Q

leukopenia

A

low number WBCs (leukocytes)

–> inc risk of infection

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9
Q

leukocytosis

A

high number WBCs (leukocytes)

–> indicates infection or leukemia

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10
Q

principal mms of inspiration

A

diaphragm, internal intercostals, external intercostals

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11
Q

accessory mms of inspiration

A

used during high levels of ventilation

SCM, scalenes, pec major and minor, serratus anterior

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12
Q

mms of exhalation (forceful breathing)

A

rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transverse abdominis

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13
Q

pneumothroax

A

air in pleural space

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14
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in pleural space

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15
Q

empyema

A

pleural fluid that is infected and turns into an access (can be a result of pleural effusion)

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16
Q

pH

A

evaluates acid-base status

norm: 7.4 (7.35-7.45)

17
Q

PaCO2

A

ventilation status and how well lungs are able to remove CO2

norm: 40 mmHg sea level air (35-45mmHg)

18
Q

PaO2

A

evaluates oxygenation of arterial blood

norm: 97 mmHg at sea level (80-100 mmHg)

19
Q

HCO3-

A

Bicarbonate… chemical buffering system to keep blood from becoming too acidic or basic
norm: 24 mEq/L (22-26mmEq/L)

20
Q

SaO2

A

percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

norm: 95-98%

21
Q

Acidemia

A

elevated acidity of blood (pH less than 7.45)

22
Q

alkalemia

A

decreased acidity of blood (pH greater than 7.45)

23
Q

Eucapnia

A

normal level of CO2 in arterial blood

PaCO2 35-45 mmHg

24
Q

Hypercapnia

A

elevated level of CO2 in arterial blood

PaCO2 greater than 45 mmHg

25
Q

hypocapnia

A

low levels of CO2 in arterial blood

PaCO2 less than 35 mmHg

26
Q

hypoxemia

A

low level of O2 in arterial blood

PaO2 less than 80 mmHg

27
Q

mild hypoxemia

A

PaO2 60-79 mmHg

28
Q

moderate hypoxemia

A

PaO2 40-59 mmHg

29
Q

severe hypoxemia

A

PaO2 greater than 40 mmHg

30
Q

hypoxia

A

low level of O2 in the tissue despite adequate perfusion of blood

31
Q

CK-MB

A 
creatine phophokinase 
relatively specific test for MI 
appears after 4 hours
peaks 12-24 hrs 
declines 48-72 hours
32
Q

cardiac troponin-I

A

specific marker for cardiac infarction

remains elevated for 5-7 days

33
Q

Lipid panel/profile

A

Cholesterol Lab Test measuring cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, determine risk of atherosclerosis
four types of lipids: total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides

34
Q

complete blood count

A

performed to assess health, diagnose and monitor medical condition, monitor effects of medical treatment
measures red blood cell count, total white blood cell count, white blood cell differential, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit

35
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of RBCs in total blood vol
norms: 40-54% males, 37-48% females

low: anemia, blood loss, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, acute hemorrhage
high: dehydration, polycythemia vera, shock

no exercise less than 25%

36
Q

WBCs

A

immune system status

norm: 4,500-11,000 cells/mm3
high: infection, leukemia, lymphoma, inflammation, corticosteroids
low: aplastic anemia, b12 or folate deficiency

no exercise

37
Q

hemoglobin

A

norms: 14-18 g/dL males, 12-15 g/dL females
inc: polycythemia, dehydration, shock
dec: anemias, prolonge hemorrhage, RBC destruction

no exercise: 8 g/dL

light: 8-10
resistive: greater than 10

38
Q

Platelet count

A

norm: 150,000 - 450,000 cells/mm3
inc: chronic leukemia, hemoconcentration
dec: thrombocytopenia, acute leukemia, aplastic anemia, cancer chemotherapy

pt at an inc risk for bleeding with low levels

no exercise less than 20,000

39
Q

INR

A 
international normalized ratio 
evaluates anticoagulation levels 
norm: 0.8 - 1.2 healthy 
look for active signs of bleeding when treating patients with DVT, PE, mechanical valves, a-fib, anticoagulation therapy --> INR 2-3 
no exercise greater than 5
light 4-5 
resistive less than 5

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