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825 > Cardiopulm > Flashcards

Cardiopulm Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiopulm cellular activity:

A

increased O2 demand

increased CO2 production

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2
Q

cardiopulm circulation activity

A

increased HR

increased SV

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3
Q

cardiopulm ventilation activity:

A

increased TV

increased breathing frequency

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4
Q

What is HR

A

systole to systole

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5
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation phase
chambers fill
T wave to QRS

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6
Q

Systole

A

filling phase
chambers expel blood
QRS to T wave

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7
Q

when does atria refilling occur?

A

ventricular systole

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8
Q

how long does the cardiac cycle last

A

~0.9seconds or ~67bpm

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9
Q

Cardiac Cycle Phase 1:

A

Diastole
- ventricular filling: inlet valves open and outlet closed (rapid filling of atria to ventricles)
End Diastolic Volume

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10
Q

what happens for the final filling of the ventricles?

A

Atrial contraction

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11
Q

Cardiac Cycle Phase 2:

A

Isovolumetric Contraction
once ventricular pressure rises above atrial, the AV valves close (all valves are closed) thus creating S1 sound –> tensing wall and steep rise of pressure –> ventricular chamber geometry changes to spheroid

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12
Q

Cardiac Cycle Phase 3:

A

Ejection Phase

  • inlet closed, outlet open
  • V pressure exceeds atrial
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13
Q

about how much blood is ejected in ejection phase?

A

3/4 SV

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14
Q

Cardiac Cycle Phase 4:

A

Isovolumetric Relaxation

  • inlet and outlet closed
  • ventricle is closed and pressure falls rapidly
  • when pressure falls below atrial, AV valves open
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15
Q

what is the purpose of the parasympathetic NS in cardiopulm?

A

housekeeping; SA node; light-moderate activity

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16
Q

what is the parasym NS innervation of heart?

A

Vagus N.

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the sympathetic NS in cardiopulm?

A

homeostasis, responds to various stim

near max and max effort

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18
Q

What are the hormones involved in symp NS in cardiopulm?

A

catecholamines - epi and norepi

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19
Q

What does norepi do?

A

increases myocardial contractility and blood flow

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20
Q

SA Node

A

pacemaker of heart

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21
Q

AV Node

A

intrincic rhythmicity slower pace than SA; can become dominant under certain circumstances; part of neuromuscular conduction system (Bundle of HIS and right and left bundles)

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22
Q

VO2 Max

A

Max O2 Consumption - a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness

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23
Q

VO2 Max Equation

A

VO2 Max = Q * arteriovenous oxygen difference

= SV * HR * AOD

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24
Q

Cardiac Output (Q or CO)

A

amount of blood pumped out of heart per unit time

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25
Q

cardiac output equation

A

Q = SV * HR

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26
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

increases curvilinarly with work rate until reaches near max at about 50% aerobic capacity

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27
Q

SV equation

A

SV = EDV - ESV = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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28
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism

A

the more blood in the ventricle causes a greater stretch and contraction with increased force

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29
Q

What happens with SV in training?

A

increases

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30
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A

likely will increase due to age due to decreased parasympatheic control
Max is all output effort

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31
Q

HR equation

A

HR = 220 - age

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32
Q

when does HR typically plateau?

A

in submax

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33
Q

what does a lower steady state HR do to the heart?

A

makes it more efficient

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34
Q

what generally happens to HR after 6months training?

A

decreases 10-30bpm

decreases are highest at greatest workloads

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35
Q

what happens to hr during max effort?

A

HR remains unchanged or decreases slightly to allow of optimal SV

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36
Q

Ventilation (VE)

A

is product of TV and breathing frequency

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37
Q

Ventilation equation

A

VE = TV * f

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38
Q

what happens to VE in min-mod exercise?

A

VE increases by increasing TV

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39
Q

what happens to VE in vigorous exercise?

A

increase breathing rate/frequency

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40
Q

What is the respiratory pattern in exercise?

A
  • with light exercise, TV and RR increases up until 70-80% peak exercise
  • after 80% peak, only RR increases
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41
Q

Residual Volume Equation

A

RV = FRC - ERV = (Functional Residual Capacity) - (Expiratory Reserve Volume)

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42
Q

Total Lung Capacity Equation

A 
TLC = FRC + IC (Functional Residual Capacity + Inspiratory Capacity)
TLC = RV + VC (Residual Volume + Vital Capacity)
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43
Q

Blood Flow in Exercise

A

increases at onset to support working skeletal muscle
stabilizes with a constant workload
incremental workload - linear increase

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44
Q

Where is the site of highest vascular resistance in blood flow?

A

arterioles - due to large pressure drop

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45
Q

Venoconstriction - where does it occur mostly

A

mostly in arteries; little change in venous resistance

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46
Q

What happens with decreased venous compliance?

A

increases P within veins and right atrium
increases P different b/n peripheral veins and right atrium
increases P gradient increases venous return to heart

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47
Q

blood flow is _______ proportional to cross-sectional area of vessel

A

inversely

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48
Q

what happens when tube length doubles

A

flow decreases by 50%

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49
Q

what happens when tube radius doubles

A

flow increases 16-fold

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50
Q

what happens when tube viscosity doubles

A

flow decreases by 50%

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51
Q

Sheer Stress

A

friction on endothelial wall
size of friction: rate of sliding and fluid viscosity
healthy individuals release nitric oxide

52
Q

Vascular Tone

A

the degree of constriction of a blood vessel (relative to max dilated state)

53
Q

Vasodilatory Capacity -

A

heart, muscles, skin have increased vascular tone

54
Q

what happens when blood flow increases

A

metabolic activity increases

55
Q

Reactive Hyperemia

A

blood flow is transiently increasing following a brief period of total ischemia.

56
Q

What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?

A

72bpm

57
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

atrial depolorization

58
Q

what does the QRS wave represent?

A

ventricular depolorization

59
Q

what does the T interval represent?

A

ventricular repolorization

60
Q

Functions of the cardiopulm

A

delivery, removal, transport, maintenance, prevention

61
Q

Anaerobic Threshold

A

rise of CO2 is disproportionate to rise of O2

62
Q

What happens when AT is above threshold

A

cant sustain prolonged workload

63
Q

what happens when AT is below threshold?

A

can maintain exercise comfortably

64
Q

T/F: you can’t train AT to increase

A

false: can train

65
Q

Resting Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER) =

A

VCO2/VO2

66
Q

what does a RER of 1.0 mean?

A

anaerobic metabolism present

67
Q

what does a RER of 1.9+ generally mean?

A

indicated max effort

68
Q

what happens in increasing RER in exercise?

A

increased CO2 decreased O2

69
Q

VO2 Max training

A

can improve 10-30%

70
Q

what is cardiac output at rest

A

~5L/min

71
Q

what is cardiac output in exercise

A

~20L/min

72
Q

how does cardiac output increase with workload?

A

linearly

73
Q

What happens during exercise for cardiac output?

A

up to 50% max capacity, there are increases in both SV and HR
after 50%, just primarily due to HR

74
Q

what is the norm for SV?

A

100-200 mL/beat

75
Q

how does SV increase with work rate until near max at 50% aerobic capacity

A

curvilinearly

76
Q

what is an important factor in determining individual differences in Vo2 max in considering sedentary vs trained

A

SV

77
Q

why do trained people work at a lower hr?

A

sv

78
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism

A

more blood in ventricle causes a greater stretch and contraction with increased force

79
Q

Ejection Fraction (EF)

A

proportion blood pumped out of left ventricle each beat

80
Q

Ejection Fraction Equation

A

EF = SV/EDV

81
Q

what is the avg EF in a healthy adult?

A

60%

82
Q

Karvonen Formula

A

[Training Range % * (Max HR - Resting HR)] - Resting HR

83
Q

HR Recovery

A

time after exercise for HR to return to resting

84
Q

what controls ventilation

A

CO2

85
Q

what is norm PCO2

A

40

86
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

gas exchange from high partial P to low partial P

87
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

the amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue is proportional to the area of sheet but inversely to its thickness

88
Q

What are the properties of air as it is inspired

A

heated, saturated with water vapor, clean of pollutants

89
Q

TLC

A

Total Lung Capacity

the amount of gas in lungs after max inspiration

90
Q

VC

A

Vital Capacity

amount gas that can be exhaled after a max inspiration

91
Q

RV

A

Residual Volume

amount gas remaining in lungs after max expiration

92
Q

TV

A

Tidal Volume

amount gas individual in or expires during normal breathing

93
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

amount gas individual can inhale above a tidal inspiration

94
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

amount gas individual can exhale after tidal expiration

95
Q

FRC

A

Functional Residual Capacity

amount gas remaining in lungs after tidal expiration

96
Q

IC

A

Inspiratory Capacity

total amount breathed in after norm tidal exhale (get air to go under pool)

97
Q

FRV

A

Functional Residual Volume

volume in lungs after norm expiration

98
Q

VC =

A

TV + IRV + ERV

99
Q

amount gas individual can in or expire in normal breaking

A

TV

100
Q

amount gas remaining in lungs after tidal expiration

A

FRC or RC

101
Q

amount gas individual can inhale above a tidal inspiration

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

102
Q

amount of gas in lungs after max inspiration

A

TLC

103
Q

amount gas individual can exhale above a tidal expiration

A

ERV

104
Q

total amount breathed in after normal tidal exhale

A

IC (inspiratory capacity) TV + IRV

105
Q

amount gas remaining in lungs after max expiration

A

RV

106
Q

amount gas remaining in lungs after tidal expiration

A

FRV

107
Q

amount of gas that can be exhaled after a deep max inspiration

A

VC

108
Q

RV Formula

A

RV = FRC - ERV

109
Q

TLC Formula

A

TLC = FRC + IC = RV + VC

110
Q

Respiratory Pattern in exercise

A
  • light exercise up to 70-80% peak both RR and TV increase
  • after 80% peak, only RR increases
    TV plateaus at 50-60% VC
111
Q

SOA most likely caused by inability to readjust PCO2

A

dyspnea

112
Q

increasing ventilation that causes resp alkalosis

A

hyperventilation

113
Q

breathing technique to trap and pressurize air in lungs;

if held too long, decreases Q

A

Valsalva Maneuver

114
Q

What do respiratory muscles do in performance?

A

use more than 15% of total O2 consumed and fatigue later

115
Q

what happens when H+ increases?

A

respiration increases and then more CO2 released

116
Q

What happens with exercise with people with pulmonary disease?

A
  • ventilation limitation
  • decreased max vent volume
  • diminished lung volumes
  • increased dead space
117
Q

What are the objectives in exercise training?

A
  • increase fxnal capacity
  • increase fxnal status
  • decrease severity of dyspnea
  • improve QOL
118
Q

A-V O2 difference

A

O2 difference between arteriol and venous blood

119
Q

what is normal resting A-V O2 difference?

exercise?

A

5ml/O2/100ml/dl

15

120
Q

why does blood volume typically increase

A

plasma volume increase

121
Q

what happens in training for long term endurance

A

increase VO2max

decrease HR

122
Q

Blood Pressure Equation

A

BP = Q * total peripheral resistance

123
Q

normal acute BP responses to exercise

A

increase SBP
no change DBP
MAP slightly increases
TPR decreases - vasodilation of exercised muscles

124
Q

what is the long term control of BP

A

kidneys

125
Q

what is the short term control of BP

A

cardiovascular system

126
Q

MAP equation

A

MAP = Q * TRR

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