cardiopulm

Question 1

for a conditioned older adult is there normally a chnage in resting heart rate

Answer 1

no

Question 2

what chnage in heart rate do we expect as we age

Answer 2

max heart rate

Question 3

why does max heart rate change as we age

Answer 3

90% of the SA cells are gone

the cells are less responsive the hormones that tell the heart to speed up

Question 4

what makes up CO

Answer 4

SV and Max HR

Question 5

how are work load and CO related

Answer 5

increase in workload requires a increase in CO

Question 6

in the young how does the heart react to increased workload

Answer 6

the HR will increase rapidly

Question 7

in the old how does the heart react to increased workload

Answer 7

the heart rate increase less rapid and there is instead a marked increase in SV

Question 8

what does chrotropic mean

Answer 8

timing

Question 9

what does inotropic mean

Answer 9

contratibility

Question 10

what is the chrotropic response to aging

Answer 10

contractility slowed

myocardium pumping ability changes
- decreased SV
- decreased CO

Question 11

what is the inotropic response to aging

Answer 11

the cardiac vavles of the traffic directiors of the heart

control the flow of blood, can become to complient or stiff

Question 12

what does aortic valve degeneration lead to

Answer 12

too much blood is left in the heart

greater end systolic voume

more blood is left in the left ventricle

Question 13

what does mirtrial valve degeneration lead to

Answer 13

too little blood is returned to the heart

less end systolic volume

Question 14

chronotropic - conduction system

Answer 14

decreased responsiviness to changes in the level of activties

fibrosis in manin bundle branches

decreased number of the pace maker cells

Question 15

chronotropic - cardio relfexes

Answer 15

decrease baroreceptor activity

• lag in the response times
• rhythm problems common

Question 16

inotropic - peri vascularture

Answer 16

thickening of vessel walls

stiffness leads to increase BP and ESV

Question 17

what si decreased pre load

Answer 17

there is not enough blood in the heart to start with

Question 18

how can we combat decreased pre-load

Answer 18

try to increase blood return to the heart
- LE exercises
- working larger groups of muscles

Question 19

what is increase afterload

Answer 19

this is when there is too much blood in the heart following contraction

Question 20

how can we combat increased after load

Answer 20

improve per resistance
- low to mod instensity, consider HITT, may improve autonomic sensitivity
- avoid UE exercises and breath holding

Question 21

what does ESV mean

Answer 21

end systolic volume

greater ESV - too much blood is left in the heart

Question 22

what does EDS mean

Answer 22

end diastolic volume

lesser end diastolic volume - returns too little blood to the heart

Question 23

what is the overall change occured with chrontropic and inotropic changes

Answer 23

reduced left ventrical ejection fracture

Question 24

a LVEF of what is considered compromised

Answer 24

<30%

Question 25

what are some age related chnages that we see with the lungs

Answer 25

reduced elasticity of the lungs less alveoli increased stiffness of the rib cage

Question 26

what are the functional consequence of: reduced elasticity of the lungs less alveoli increased stiffness of the rib cage

Answer 26

reduced vital capacity reduced forced expiatory volume increased functional residual capacity

Question 27

what are is the response to these changes in structure and function of the lung

Answer 27

increase cost of breathing - seen in increased RR

Question 28

what is functional residual capacity

Answer 28

the amount of air that is left in your lungs after normal passive exhalation

Question 29

what is vital capacity

Answer 29

maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation

Question 30

what is forced expiatory volume

Answer 30

the volume of air that an individual can exhale during a forced breath in t seconds.

Question 31

what is the overall effect of the age changes of lungs

Answer 31

more air is left in the lungs with each breath the usual

Question 32

what is tidal volume

Answer 32

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

Question 33

with reduced tidal volume what happens to the rate of breathing

Answer 33

the freq of breathing increases this has an energy cost impact

Question 34

exercise older adults - what HR do we want to get to

Answer 34

55-70% 70-90 for high instensity

Question 35

exercise older adults - what do we want the staring heart rate to be

Answer 35

<100 bpm

Question 36

exeercise older adults - HR and sedentary and cardiac history patients

Answer 36

take a more conservative approach 20-30 BPM above resting HR

Question 37

exercise older adults - SBP

Answer 37

15 - 20 increase start <180 (suggest poorer health) limit: 220 or a drop of >10

Question 38

exercise older adults - DBP

Answer 38

min rise or slight decrease start: <95 limit: >110

Question 39

what are the goals for cardiac rehab in older adults

Answer 39

increase SV improve O2 extraction (decrease HR at rest) improve resitory muscle function general body conditioning

Question 40

what is the target HR when working with older adults

Answer 40

55-70% of max max: 220-age

Question 41

how do we calculate the max heart rate reserve

Answer 41

220-resting HR target HR : 55-70 of HR reserve - resting HR

Question 42

what is the max safe range of the borg and the mBORG

Answer 42

17 borg 7/9 mBORG

Question 43

tachypnea - what is a high rate

Answer 43

>20 breath per min

Question 44

what are some signs to stop exercise in an older adult

Answer 44

HR does not increase VO2 plateuas are workload increases RER >1.01

Question 45

what is respiratory exchange ratio

Answer 45

the ratio between the volume of CO2 being produced by the body and the amount of O2 being consumed.