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Histopathology > Cardiomyopathy > Flashcards

Cardiomyopathy Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

A group of diseases that directly affect the structural or functional ability of the myocardium.

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2
Q

Differentiate between primary and secondary cardiomyopathy.

A

Primary has unknown etiology; secondary is caused by known factors.

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3
Q

List the WHO classifications of cardiomyopathy.

A

Dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive.

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4
Q

What characterizes dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Ventricular dilation, systolic dysfunction, atrial enlargement, and cardiomegaly.

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5
Q

Name four etiologies of dilated cardiomyopathy.

A

Cardiotoxic agents, genetic factors, hypertension, and ischemia (CAD).

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6
Q

What are common symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Fatigue, dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and palpitations.

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7
Q

Which heart sounds are abnormal in dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

S3 and S4 sounds.

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8
Q

What diagnostic tools are used for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Echocardiography, chest X-ray, ECG, and cardiac catheterization.

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9
Q

Name three drug classes used to manage dilated cardiomyopathy.

A

ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics.

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10
Q

What surgical option exists for severe dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Cardiac transplantation.

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11
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation.

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12
Q

What causes hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?

A

Enlargement of the septum between ventricles obstructing blood flow.

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13
Q

List three etiologies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

A

Genetic factors, aortic stenosis, and hypertension.

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Thickened septum, diastolic dysfunction, decreased outflow, and reduced cardiac output.

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15
Q

What are clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Exertional dyspnea, fatigue, angina, syncope, and hypertension.

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16
Q

What is the role of beta-blockers in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

They reduce heart rate and improve diastolic filling.

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17
Q

Describe septal myectomy.

A

An open-heart procedure to remove the thickened part of the septum.

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18
Q

What is septal ablation?

A

Injection of alcohol to destroy a thickened portion of the septum.

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19
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

A disease impairing diastolic filling and stretch while preserving systolic function.

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20
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Decreased cardiac output, impaired tissue perfusion, fatigue, and dyspnea.

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21
Q

Name three etiologies of restrictive cardiomyopathy.

A

Myocardial fibrosis, endocardial fibrosis, and sarcoidosis.

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22
Q

What diagnostic tool is often used to evaluate hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Transthoracic echocardiogram.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD)?

A

To treat life-threatening heart rhythm disorders.

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24
Q

How can patients manage cardiomyopathy through lifestyle?

A

Use a low-sodium diet, maintain proper weight, and balance activity and rest.

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25
Q

What role does cardiac MRI play in cardiomyopathy?

A

It provides detailed imaging for evaluating heart structure and function.

26
Q

List three drugs used to manage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

A

Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and antidysrhythmic drugs.

27
Q

What is a key feature of dilated cardiomyopathy on a chest X-ray?

A

Signs of cardiomegaly.

28
Q

What is the pathophysiological hallmark of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Impaired diastolic filling with preserved systolic function.

29
Q

What advice should nurses give to cardiomyopathy patients regarding medications?

A

Take all medicines on time as prescribed.

30
Q

How does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affect cardiac output?

A

It decreases cardiac output due to impaired ventricular filling and outflow obstruction.

31
Q

Which population is more commonly affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Men aged 30 to 40 years.

32
Q

What symptoms might suggest advanced dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Abdominal bloating, dry cough, nausea, and peripheral edema.

33
Q

What is the role of aldosterone antagonists in managing dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

They reduce fluid retention and lower blood pressure.

34
Q

How does restrictive cardiomyopathy differ from dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Restrictive affects diastolic filling; dilated affects systolic function.

35
Q

Why is genetic screening important for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

It helps identify at-risk family members.

36
Q

What clinical feature is shared by all cardiomyopathy types?

A

Dyspnea or shortness of breath.

37
Q

What surgical intervention might be necessary for severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Heart transplantation.

38
Q

Which cardiomyopathy is most likely to cause arrhythmias?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

39
Q

Name a diagnostic feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy on ECG.

A

Abnormal heart rhythms or evidence of chamber enlargement.

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Histopathology (10 decks)

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