Cardiomyopathy Flashcards
What is cardiomyopathy?
A group of diseases that directly affect the structural or functional ability of the myocardium.
Differentiate between primary and secondary cardiomyopathy.
Primary has unknown etiology; secondary is caused by known factors.
List the WHO classifications of cardiomyopathy.
Dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive.
What characterizes dilated cardiomyopathy?
Ventricular dilation, systolic dysfunction, atrial enlargement, and cardiomegaly.
Name four etiologies of dilated cardiomyopathy.
Cardiotoxic agents, genetic factors, hypertension, and ischemia (CAD).
What are common symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Fatigue, dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and palpitations.
Which heart sounds are abnormal in dilated cardiomyopathy?
S3 and S4 sounds.
What diagnostic tools are used for dilated cardiomyopathy?
Echocardiography, chest X-ray, ECG, and cardiac catheterization.
Name three drug classes used to manage dilated cardiomyopathy.
ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics.
What surgical option exists for severe dilated cardiomyopathy?
Cardiac transplantation.
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation.
What causes hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?
Enlargement of the septum between ventricles obstructing blood flow.
List three etiologies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Genetic factors, aortic stenosis, and hypertension.
What is the pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Thickened septum, diastolic dysfunction, decreased outflow, and reduced cardiac output.
What are clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Exertional dyspnea, fatigue, angina, syncope, and hypertension.
What is the role of beta-blockers in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
They reduce heart rate and improve diastolic filling.
Describe septal myectomy.
An open-heart procedure to remove the thickened part of the septum.
What is septal ablation?
Injection of alcohol to destroy a thickened portion of the septum.
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?
A disease impairing diastolic filling and stretch while preserving systolic function.
What are the clinical manifestations of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Decreased cardiac output, impaired tissue perfusion, fatigue, and dyspnea.
Name three etiologies of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Myocardial fibrosis, endocardial fibrosis, and sarcoidosis.
What diagnostic tool is often used to evaluate hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Transthoracic echocardiogram.
What is the purpose of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD)?
To treat life-threatening heart rhythm disorders.
How can patients manage cardiomyopathy through lifestyle?
Use a low-sodium diet, maintain proper weight, and balance activity and rest.
