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Histology II > Cardiology I & II > Flashcards

Cardiology I & II Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system

A 
Heart 
Arteries 
Veins 
Capillaries 
Lymphatic vessels
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2
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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3
Q

Components of Epicardium

A

Mesothelial lining

Connective Tissue Underlying the mesothelium

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4
Q

Mesothelial Lining of the epicardium

A

covers the external surface of the heart

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5
Q

Connective tissue underlying mesothelium of the epicardium

A

Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue
Nerves pass through this layer
Blood vessels travel to the myocardium through this layer

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6
Q

Principle component of heart wall

A

Myocardium (thickest layer)

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7
Q

Thickness of myocardium in the atria vs ventricles

A

Thicker in the ventricles

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8
Q

Most internal layer of the heart

A

Endocardium

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9
Q

Components of endocardium

A

endothelium
subendothelial connective tissue
impulse conducting system

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10
Q

Describe the internal skeleton of the heart

A

Four fibrous rings that surround the valve orifeces

All within the atrioventricular plane (one continuous sheet)

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11
Q

Purpose of a trigone

A

to connect fibrous tissue rings surrounding valves together

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12
Q

left atrioventricular rings surrounds what valve

A

Mitral valve

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13
Q

Right atrioventricular ring surrounds what valve

A

Tricuspid

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14
Q

Left trigone connects what?

A

left atrioventricular ring (mitral) and aortic fibrous rings

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15
Q

Right trigone connects what?

A

left (mitral) and right (tricuspid) atrioventricular rings

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16
Q

Membranous Part of the interventricular septum

A

Devoid of cardiac muscle
Composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Contains part of the AV bundle

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17
Q

Where dies Ventricular Septal Defect occur

A

in the membranous portion of the IV septum

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18
Q

layers of valves

A

1: Fibrosa
2: Spongiosa
3: Atrialis

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19
Q

Fibrosa

A

formed of DICT connected to corresponding fibrous ring

Extends form the base along the ventricular side of atrioventricular valves

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20
Q

Which layer of the valve faces the ventricular side of the atrioventricular valve

A

fibrosa

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21
Q

Spongiosa

A

Formed of loose connective tissue

large amounts of elastic fibers

Most prominent on free edges of the valve

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22
Q

Where do you find the spongiosa layer of the valve, what is the purpose of this layer

A

most prominent on the free edges

Purpose: shock absorption (dampens vibrations as the valve closes)

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23
Q

Atrialis

A

covers the atrial aspect of spongiosa
Rich in proteoglycans
Contains elastic fibers and occasional smooth muscle cells

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24
Q

What layers of the valve contain elastic fibers

A

Spongiosa

Atrialis

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25
Which layer(s) of the valve (may) contains some smooth muscle cells?
Atrialis
26
Mirtal Valve stenosis
inflammation of valve leaflets that promotes angiogenesis leading to formation of fibrotic tissue resulting in stenosis of the valve Rheumatic fever can be a cause
27
Describe the ANS and heartbeat
ANS can REGULATE the heart beat but it does not INITIATE heartbeat
28
Parasympathetic - HR
Decrease HR
29
Sympathetic- HR
Increases HR
30
Effect of hormones and other substances on HR
can change the rate and force of contraction ex: Epinephrine, thyroid hormones, caffeine
31
What are cardiac conducting cells called
Purkinje Fibers
32
Describe Purkinje fibers
modified cardiac myocyte (modified to conduct electrical impulses) contain a lot of glycogen can transmit faster than myocytes still have intercalated discs
33
What do Purkinje fibers form
Nodes and bundles including the sinoatrial and atreoventricular node and bindle of His
34
Myocardial infaction
caused by obstruction of coronary arteries and loss of blood supply to the cardiac muscle for more than 20 minutes
35
Is MI reversible? Why
No- Nuclei get spit out (cell death) myocytes are unable to regenerate/ proliferate and get replaced by a scar
36
Atherosclerosis involves what layer of the vessel
Tunica intima thickening- narrows the lumen eventually causing rupture- clot will form due to exposed collagen
37
Most common benign tumor of the heart
Myxoma (bunch of loose connective tissue) Commonly found in the left atrium
38
Angiosarcoma
rare tumor that originates in the heart (1/3 of all tumors that originate in the heart)
39
One of the most common tumors to spread to the heart
Metastatic Melanoma
40
Layers of blood vessels
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica Adventitia
41
Components of tunica intima
endothelium subendthelial connective tissue internal elastic lamina
42
What lines the luminal surface
Endothelium of the tunica intima
43
Functions of Endothelium
1: Selective permeability (transcellular, paracellular, fenestrations) 2: Non-Thrombogenic factor 3: Modulation of blood flow 4: Regulation/Modulation of Immune Responses 5: Hormonal Synthesis 6: Metabolic activity
44
Endothelium Transcellular pathway
allows active transport across the plasma membrane Clatherin- independent pathway is used to transport material from blood into the cell Clatherin- DEpenent pathway is used to transport LDL and cholesterol
45
Endothelium Paracellular Pathway
Passive transport across zonula occuludens Normally blocked by zonula occludens but in the case of inflammation the immune cells need to get out of the blood(causes edema and allows extravagation)
46
Endothelium Fenestrations
Endothelial cells have holes in them that allow for the passage of fairly large molecules (kidney and endocrine glands)
47
Endothelium Non-Thrombogenic Barrier
Produce/ Secrete - Anticoagulants (thrombomodulin) - Antithrombogenic substances In situations when the endothelium becomes damaged it secretes Thrombogenic agensts such as von Willebrand factor (triggers the clotting cascade)
48
Endothelium Modulation of blood flow
Vasoconstrictors - ACE (increase BP through Angiotensin) - Endothelian - Thromboxane Vasodialators - NO - Prostacyclin
49
Endothelium Regulation/Modulation of Immune Responses
control of leukocyte adhesion (movement of wbc into blood) Secretion of interleukins and cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8)
50
Endothelium Hormonal synthesis
Growth factors - Colony stimulating factor (CSF) - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) - Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) Growth factor inhibitors - Tranforming growth factor B (TGF-B)
51
Endothelium Metabolic activity
Angiotensin I --> Angiotensin II through ACE to increase blood pressure
52
Subendothelial layer of tunica intima
Loose connective tissue
53
Internal Elastic Lamina of tunica intima
flattened fenestered sheet of elastin separates tunica intima from tunica media
54
Tunica Media
middle layer of blood vessels mostly smooth muscle (circularly arranged) External elastic lamina
55
Where is external elastic lamina located
tunica media
56
where is internal elastic lamina located
tunica intima
57
What is the purpose of tunica media
maintain the architecture of the vessel
58
Tunica Adventitia
``` Most external layer composed of mostly connective tissue smooth muscle fibers (longitudinally arranged) Small blood vessesl (vasa vasorum) small nerves (nervi vasorum) ```
59
Which layer of blood vessels contains longitudinally arranged smooth muscle?
Tunica adventitia
60
Which layer of blood vessels contain circularly arranged smooth muscle?
Tunica media
61
Which blood vessel layer contains small blood vessels and veins
Tunica media
62
Three major types of arteries
Large elastic (conducting) Muscular arteries Small arteries and arterioles
63
Which type of arteries controls resistance
Small arteries and arterioles
64
Purpose of Arterioles
control blood flow to capillary network Contracting smooth muscle cells Depending on the type of activity the arterioles direct the blood to the organs that need it most
65
Do capillaries contain three tunics in their walls?
No- walls are made up of single layer of epithelium and their basal lamina
66
Types of capillaries
Continuous Capillaries Fenestrated Capillaries Discontinuous Capillaries
67
Continuous Capillaries
Continuous basal lamina | tight occluding junctions
68
Where are continuous capillaries found
muscles, lungs, CNS
69
Fenestrated capillaries
small holes in the endothelial cells (10-100 mm) ** basal lamina remains intact (acts as a filter)
70
Where are fenestrated capillaries found
in tissues where there is substantial fluid transport intestinal villi, choroid plexus, renal glomeruli, endocrine organs
71
Discontinuous capillaries
endothelial cells separated by larger gaps (150-175 mm) | ** holes extend into the basal lamina
72
Where are discontinuous capillaries found
Liver (sinusoids), spleen, bone marrow
73
Three major types of veins
``` Small veins (venules) Medium veins (less than 1 cm) Large veins (greater than 1 cm) ```
74
Divisions of small veins
Postcapillary venules | Muscular venules
75
Postcapillary venules
receive blood from capillaries
76
What layer is missing in postcapillary venules
tunic media
77
Principle site of immigration of WBC
Postcapillary venules - High endothelial venules
78
High endothelial venules
postcapillary venules of lymph organs | have columnar endothelium
79
Muscular Venules
collect blood from postcapillary venules have a tunica media - VERY thin
80
order of venous blood flow
1: Post capillary venule 2: Muscular venules 3: Medium veins 4: Large veins 5: Heart
81
purpose of venous and lymphatic valves
ensure unidirectional flow
82
Permeability of lymphatic capillaries compared to blood capillaries
Greater permeability of lymphatic capillaries

Histology II (3 decks)

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