Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Cardiology Basics > Flashcards

Cardiology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory System: Right heart function

A
  • pumps blood through the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
  • delivers blood to the lungs for oxygenation
  • is a low pressure system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Circulatory System:

Left heart function

A
  • pumps oxygenated blood through the systemic circulation
  • delivers metabolic waste products to the lungs, kidneys, and liver
  • is a high pressure system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Circulatory System:

Vessels

A

Arteries: carries blood away from the heart
Capillaries: exchange fluids between the blood and interstitial space
Veins: carry blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Heart: Mediastinum

A

area where the heart is located

area above the diaphragm and between the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Heart: Heart wall

A

Epicardium: outer smooth layer

myocardium: thickest layer of cardiac muscle
endocardium: innermost layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heart: Pericardium

A
  • double-walled membranous sac
  • Parietal: surface layer
  • Visceral: inner layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heart: Pericardial cavity

A
  • space between the parietal and visceral layers

- contains pericardial fluid (20 mL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chambers of the heart: Atria

A
  • right atrium
  • left atrium
  • atria are separated by the interatrial septum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chambers of the heart: ventricles

A
  • Right ventricle
  • left ventricles
  • ventricles are separated by the inter-ventricular septum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chambers of the heart:

What determines thickness of each chamber?

A

Thickness of each chamber depends on the pressure or resistance it must overcome to eject blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Valves of the Heart

A

Ensure one way blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Valves of the heart: Atrioventricular valves (AVs)

A
  • one-way flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles
  • Tricuspid valve: 3 leaflets or cusps
  • Bicuspid (mitrial) valve: two leaflets or cusps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Valves of the heart:

Semilunar valves

A

one-way flow from the ventricles to either the pulmonary artery or to the aorta
pulmonic semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Great vessels:

Superior and inferior venae cavae

A

bring deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Great Vessels: Right and left pulmonary arteries

A
  • transport deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the right and left lungs
  • branch into pulmonary capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Great vessels:

Pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Great vessels:

Aorta

A

delivers oxygenated blood to systemic vessels that supply the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

one contraction and one relaxation

makes up one heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cardiac cycle: Diastole

A

Relaxation: ventricles fills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cardiac cycle: Systole

A

contraction: blood leaves the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cardiac cycle: Phases of the cardiac cycle

A

phase 1: atrial systole or ventricular diastole
phase 2: isovolumetric ventricular systole
phase 3: ventricular ejection (semilunar valves open)
phase 4: isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (aortic valve closes)
phase 5: passive ventricular filling (mitral and tricuspid valves open)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Blood flow

A
  • -unoxygenated (venous) blood from systemic circulation enters the RA through the superior and inferior venae cavae
  • -from the atrium, the blood passes through the right AV (tricuspid) valve into the RV
    • in the ventricle, the blood flows from the inflow tract to the outflow tract and then through the pulmonic semilunar valve (pulmonary valve)into the pulmonary artery which delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation
  • -oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the LA through the four pulmonary veins (two from the left lung and two from the right)
  • -from the LA the blood passes through the left AV valve into the LV
  • -in the ventricle, the blood flows from the inflow tract to the outflow tract and then through the aortic semilunar valve into aorta, which delivers it to the entire body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Coronary Vessels: Coronary circulation

A

supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

coronary vessels: right coronary artery

A

right marginal branch

posterior descending branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Coronary Vessels: left coronary artery

A

left anterior descending branch

circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Coronary vessels: Collateral arteries

A

are connections, or anastomoses, between the branches of the coronary circulation

  • protects the heart from ischemia
  • are formed by arteriogenesis or angiogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Coronary vessels:

Coronary capillaries

A

Where the exchange of oxygen and other nutrients takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Coronary vessels:

Coronary veins

A 
coronary sinus 
great cardiac vein 
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein 
posterior vein of the left ventricle
29
Q

Coronary vessels blood flow

A

oxygenated blood enters the coronary arteries through the openings in the semilunar valves at the entrance to the aorta
deoxygenated blood from the coronary the coronary veins enters the RA through the coronary sinus

30
Q

Structures that control heart action

A

-cardiac action potentials [transmission of electrical impulses]
–conduction system [sinoatrial (SA) node–pacemaker of the heart ; intranodal pathways]
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular myocardium

31
Q

Factors affecting cardiac output:

cardiac output

A
  • -is the volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or the pulmonary circuit
  • -is expressed in liters per minute (L/minutes)
  • -is calculated by multiplying the heart rate in beats per minute by the stroke volume [CO=HR X SV]
  • -normal adult cardiac output at rest is 5 L/minutes
32
Q

Factors affecting cardiac output:

Ejection Fraction

A
  • the amount of blood ejected per beat
  • normal is 66% for women and 58% for men
  • 50-75%
  • is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the end-diastolic volume
  • is an indicator of ventricular function
33
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac Output:

Preload

A

is the volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole

is also called ventricular end-diastolic volume (VEDV) and ventricular end-diastolic pressure (VEDP)

34
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac Output:

What determines Preload?

A
  1. amount of venous return to the ventricle
  2. blood left in the ventricle after systole after or end-systolic volume
    - when preload exceeds physiologic range, further muscle stretching causes a decline in cardiac output
35
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac Output:

Afterload

A
  • the resistance to ejection during systole
  • aortic systolic pressure is a good index of afterload for the left ventricle
  • Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
36
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac output:

Decreased Afterload

A

Heart contracts more rapidly

37
Q

factors affecting cardiac output:

increase afterload

A

slows contractions and increases workload

38
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac Output:

Heart rate

A

average heart rate in healthy adults: ~70 beats/ minutes

39
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac output: Cardiovascular vasomotor control center –> Cardioexitatory center

A

activation of sympathetic system; increases heart rate

40
Q

Factors affecting cardiac output : Cardiovascular control center – cardioinhibitory centers

A

activation of parasympathetic system: decreases heart rate; controls resting heart rate

41
Q

Factors affecting cardiac output : BP and CO

A 
BP(MAP) = CO X SVR
CO= HR X SV
42
Q

Factors affecting blood flow:

pressure

A

force is exerted on a liquid per unit area

43
Q

Factors affecting blood flow: Resistance

A
  • is the opposition to blood flow
  • diameter and length of the blood vessels contribute to resistance
  • vessel radius or diameter greatly affects resistance
44
Q

Factors Affecting blood flow:

Resistance- Poiseuille equation

A

Vessel resistance is directly proportional to the length of the vessel and the viscosity of the blood and inversely proportional to the radius to the fourth power

45
Q

Factors affecting Blood flowL viscosity

A
  • thick fluids move more slowly and cause greater resistance to flow an thin fluids
  • high hematocrit reduces the flow through the blood vessels
46
Q

Factors affecting blood flow: laminar flow

A

occurs when concentric layers of molecules move straight ahead

47
Q

factors affecting blood flow: turbulent flow

A

occurs where flow is obstructed, the vessel turns; or blood flows over rough surfaces, producing a murmur

48
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure -MAP

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) -is the average pressure in the arteries throughout the cardiac cycle
-is calculated by using systolic and diastolic pressures in a formula
MAP= CO X SVR

49
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure - Pulse Pressure

A

is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures in a formula

50
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure -Effects of total peripheral resistance

A

is primarily a function of the diameter of the arterioles

51
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure -Effects of Cardiac Output

A

Cardiac output can be changed by alterations in heart rate, stroke volume, or both

52
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure - Neural control of resistance -Baroreceptors

A

reduce blood pressure to normal by decreasing cardiac output and peripheral resistance
can also increase blood pressure when needed

53
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure - Neural control of resistance -chemoreceptors

A

arterial receptors;
are sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, or pH
regulate blood pressure

54
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure - Effects of Hormones -Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

cause vasoconstriction

55
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure - Effects of Hormones -Antidiuretic hormone

A

increases blood volume by reabsorption of water from kidney

56
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure - Effects of Hormones -Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

aldosterone: stimulates reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water to increase blood volume and stimulate thirst
angiotensin II: vasoconstrictor

57
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure - Effects of Hormones - Natriuretic peptides

A

cause loss of sodium, chloride, and water through their effects on kidney function, decreasing blood volume

58
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure:

Arterial pressure - Nitric oxide, prostaglandins, endothelium-derived relaxing factor

A

cause vasodilation

59
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Cardiac and coronary artery evaluations -> Chest x-ray studies

A

examine the size and contour of the heart and related structures

60
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Cardiac and coronary artery evaluations -> Electrocardiography

A

serial 12-lead ECGs establish the presence of myocardial ischemia and infarction or conduction defects and dysrhythmias

61
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Cardiac and coronary artery evaluations -> Echocardiography

A

is the most effective and widely used noninvasive modality for evaluating the structures of the heart

62
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Cardiac and coronary artery evaluations -> Stress testing

A
  • also called exercise testing
  • elicits signs and symptoms of heart disease and coronary artery disease that may not appear at rest
  • most stress testing includes the injection of a radiotracer
63
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Cardiac and coronary artery evaluations -> Computed tomography (CT)

A

-single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) evaluates coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia during stress testing

64
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Cardiac and coronary artery evaluations -> Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

depicts the anatomy and physiology of the great blood vessels and myocardium in 3D

65
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Cardiac and coronary artery evaluations -> Electrophysiology

A

provides an in-depth evaluation of electrical conduction

66
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Cardiac and coronary artery evaluations -> catheterization with angiography

A
  • is an invasive procedure of fluoroscopy and strict sterile techniques into the heart
  • angiography: flurorscopically visualizes the coronary arteries
67
Q

Tests of cardiovascular function: Systemic vascular evaluations

A
  • analysis of adequate flow rates, vascular obstructions and structural defects
  • arterial pressure pulse waveform analysis [pulsation of carotid artery can be drawn as a waveform plotting pressure against time]
  • Doppler ultrasonography
  • -uses a microphone that amplifies and records the sounds made by blood flowing in the peripheral vessels
  • CT and MRI
  • -Provides information about the structure of the great vessels
  • Venography and arteriography
  • -Radiopaque dye can be injected through IV or intraarterial catherters to allow for visualizations of the internal structure, diameter, and patency of veins and arteries
68
Q

Aging and the Cardiovascular System: Cardiovascular disease

A

is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults

69
Q

Aging and the Cardiovascular system: Physiologic changes

A

-myocardial and blood vessel stiffening
-changes in neurogenic control over vascular tone
-increased occurrence of atrial fibrillation
-loss of exercise capacity
left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions