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Pathophysiology > Alterations of cardiovascular Function > Flashcards

Alterations of cardiovascular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of Cardiovascular Disease

A
  • leading cause of death in the US and in the world

- genetic, neurohormonal, inflammatory, metabolic mechanisms [underlying tissue and cellular alterations]

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2
Q

Diseases of the Veins-

Varicose veins

A
  • vein in which has pooled

- distortion, leakage, increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure, and inflammation of veins

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3
Q

Diseases of the veins-

what causes varicose veins

A

-incompetent valves, venous obstruction, muscle pump dysfunction, or combination of these

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4
Q

Diseases of the veins-

chronic venous insufficiency

A

-persistent ambulatory lower extremity venous hypertension

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5
Q

Diseases of the veins-

treatment

A
  • weight loss
  • decrease time standing and sitting
  • leg elevation, compression stockings, and physical exercise
  • endovenous ablation (radiofrequency and laser) or foam sclerotherapy
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6
Q

Diseases of the Veins-

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) What is thrombosis?

A

clot

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7
Q

Diseases of the Veins-

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) What can a detached thrombus lead to?

A

(thromboembolus); can lead to pulmonary emboli

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8
Q

Diseases of the Veins- what causes deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A

obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure

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9
Q

Diseases of the Veins- what are the factors that contribute to deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A

Virchow triad-

  1. venous stasis
  2. venous intimal damage (hypertension, toxins, hyperlipidemia, infection)
  3. hypercoagulable states
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10
Q

Disease of the veins- what is postthrombotic syndrome?

A
  • refers to signs in symptoms and signs of chronic venous insufficiency that develop following deep vein thrombosis
  • a combination of reflux due to valvular incompetence and venous hypertension due to thrombotic obstruction is thought to contribute to post-thrombotic syndrome
  • can cause chronic pain, swelling and other symptoms in your legs
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11
Q

Diseases of the veins- what is the difference between varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency?

A
  • varicose veins seen with superficial veins
  • chronic venous insufficiency is a condition that blood pools in the superficial and deep leg veins. CVI can occur with or without the presence of varicose veins; this condition develops when the blood pressure in the veins is abnormally high
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12
Q

Diseases of the veins- What are clinical symptoms of DVT

A
  • SOB
  • sudden sharp chest pain
  • coughing (may be blood)
  • heaviness and swelling of leg
  • pain or tenderness
  • skin discoloration and ulcers
  • a warm sensation
  • edema
  • may not have symptoms
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13
Q

Diseases of the veins- What are risk factors of DVT?

A
  • > 60
  • overweight
  • sit or stand for long periods of time
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14
Q

Diseases of veins- DVT prevention

A
  • prevention is crucial
  • mobilization soon after surgery, illness, injury
  • prophylatic low- molecular-weight heparin or direct thrombin inhibitors
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15
Q

Diseases of veins- DVT Tests

A

-D-Dimer and Doppler

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16
Q

Diseases of veins- DVT treatment

A
  • low-molecular-weight heparin
  • direct thrombin inhibitors
  • aspirin therapy
  • catheter directed thrombolytic therapy
  • pharamcomechanical treatment
17
Q

Diseases of the veins- what is Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome?

A

-progressive occulsion of the SVC that leads to venous distention in the upper extremities and head

18
Q

Diseases of the veins- what is the leading cause of SVC syndrome?

A

nonsmall cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, lymphoma

19
Q

Diseases of veins- What are clinical symptoms of SVC syndrome?

A
  • edema
  • venous distention of face, neck, trunk, upper extremities
  • cyanosis
  • dyspnea, dysphagia, hoarseness, stridor, cough, and chest pain
  • CNS changes
  • respiratory distress
20
Q

Diseases of the vein- SVC syndrome treatment

A
  • radiation

- chemotherapy

21
Q

Diseases of the arteries- Isolated systolic Hypertension

A

-elevated systolic blood pressure accompanied by normal diastolic blood pressure

22
Q

Diseases of the arteries- hypertension

A
  • consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure

- sustained elevation of 140 mmHg systolic or higher OR 90 mmHg diastolic or higher

23
Q

Hypertension - Primary (essential) hypertension

A

genetic and environmental factors

24
Q

Hypertension- Secondary hypertension

A

is caused by altered hemodynamics from an underlying primary disease of drugs

25
Q

Hypertension- affects the entire cardiovascular system

A

systolic hypertension: most significant factor in causing target organ damage

26
Q

Hypertension- what does hypertension increase the risk for?

A

myocardial infarction (MI), kidney disease, and stroke

27
Q

Hypertension- what are risk factors for hypertension?

A
  • positive family history
  • advancing age
  • gender: female >70 yrs of age; male <55 of age
  • race: black
  • increased Na+ intake
  • glucose intolerance (diabetes mellitus)/insulin resistance
  • heavy alcohol use
  • obesity
  • cigarettes
28
Q

hypertension: What causes hypertension?

A
  • caused by increases in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance, or both
  • cardiac output increased: any condition that increases the heart rate or stroke volume
  • peripheral resistance increased: any factor that increases blood viscosity or reduces vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)
29
Q

hypertension: What is primary hypertension?

A
  • extremely complicated interactions of genetics and the environment mediated by neurohormonal changes [genetics interact with diet, smoking, age, and other risk factors to cause chronic changes in vasomotor tone and blood volume]
  • overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and RAAS and alterations in natriuretic peptides
  • inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, obesity-related hormones- and insulin resistance
30
Q

What causes secondary hypertension

A

systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac output

31
Q

what is complicated hypertension?

A

-hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the tunica intima and media is called vascular remodeling

32
Q

what is malignant hypertension (hypertensive crisis)?

A
  • rapidly progressive hypertension
  • diastolic pressure is usually > 140 mmHg
  • can lead to encephalopathy
33
Q

What are clinical manifestations of hypertension?

A

early stages of hypertension have no clinical manifestation other than elevated blood pressure
-called the silent disease

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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