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NREMT Study Cards > Cardiology and resuscitation > Flashcards

Cardiology and resuscitation Flashcards

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1
Q

When is nitroglycerin contraindicted and how many doses can a payient have?

A

Contradicted in patients with a systolic blood pressure below 100 mmHg, patients with head injury, patients who had taken erectile dysfunction medications and patients who taken the max dosage of 3

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2
Q

How should you treat a chest pain patient?

A
  1. Place in position of comfort (Fowler or Semi-fowler position)
  2. Administer oxygen to keep SpO2 at 95-99%
  3. High priority patients require immediate transport
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3
Q

How should CPR be conducted on a patient

A
  • The heel of one hand placed on the lower half of the sternum, with the other hand placed on the top
  • Chest compressions should be done in cycles of 30
  • Compressions should be at a depth of 2 to 2.4 inches
  • rate of 100 to 120 per min
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4
Q

If an AMI is left untreated, what timeframe do 90% of myocardial cells die

A

Within 4 to 6 hours

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5
Q

What is cardiogenic shock? Early signs? Signs and symptoms?

A

When heart lacks enough power to force the appropriate volume of blood throughout the body

Early signs: restlessness, anxiety, hypoperfusion

SIgns and symptoms: Dyspnea; cool,clammy skin; weak, thread pulse; tachycardia; rapid, shallow breathing; nausea/vomiting; hypertension

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6
Q

What is the cause of angina pectoris

A

Lack of adequate oxygenation to the heart

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7
Q

Compression to ventilation ratio for one person CPR on a pediatric patient

Compression to ventilation ratio for two-person CPR for infant patients

A
  1. 30:2
  2. 15:2
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8
Q

What is cardiac tamonade? Signs and symptoms?

A

The pericardium fills with blood and prevents ventricles from filling

Signs and symptoms: Beck’s Triad (JVD, narrow pulse pressures, muffled heart tones)

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9
Q

What are the components of Beck’s Triad and what condition does a person exhibit it?

A

JVD, narrow pulse pressures, muffled heart tones

Exhibited in cardiac tamponade

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10
Q

What is aspirin? What is it used for? What are the contraindications?

A
  1. Aspirin acts as an antipyretic (fever reducer), analgesic (pain reducer), anti-inflammatory agent (inflammation reducer), and platelet-aggregation inhibitor (prevents clots from forming or growing in size).
  2. Used after AMI to prevent future AMIs
  3. Contraindications to aspirin include allergy to aspirin (absolute), preexisting liver damage (absolute), bleeding disorders (relative), and asthma (relative).
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11
Q

What happens in left-sided heart failure? What are the signs and symptoms

A

Lungs become congested in fluid because the left side of the heart fails to pump blood effectively

Signs and symptoms: wet lung sounds, pink frothy sputum, and severe dyspnea

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12
Q

What happens in Right-sided heart failure? What are the signs and symptoms

A

Blood backs up in vena cava, resulting in pedal edema or JVD

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13
Q

What is a common chest pain description associated with AMI

A

Crushing, squeezing chest pain unrelieved by nitroglycerin

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14
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia? What are the signs and symptoms

A

A rapid heart arrhythmia in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atria). This may result in inadequate blood flow and eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest.

Signs and symptoms: Lightheaded, chest pain, palpitations

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15
Q

What is supraventricular tachycardia

A

Heart dysrhythmia with rate above 150 bpm

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16
Q

What is an Aortic aneurysm? What are the hallmark indicator? How is it described?

A

A life-threatening condition that occurs when the layers of the aorta, the body’s main artery, separate

Includes very sudden chest pain

Most often described as stabbing, or tearing.

17
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome and what are the conditions associated with it?

A

Term used to describe group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia (decrease in blood flow to the heart)

Conditions associated with it
- Stable angina
- Unstable angina
- AMI

18
Q

What is pericardial effusion? What can it lead to?

A

Collection of fluid between pericardial sac and myocardium that can lead to cardiac tamponade

19
Q

What is the process of impulses in the pacemakers of the heart that triggers the hearts contractions

A
  1. Normal impulses begin in sinus node in the uper part of right atrium
  2. The electrical impulses from the SA node travels to the AV node between atria and the ventricles
  3. From AV node the electrical impulse travels through both ventricles via Bundle of HI
  4. Then travels through right and left bundle branches and Purkinje fibers before causing the muscle cells of ventricles to contract
20
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

a pathway in the human body that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s tissues and organs, and then returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

21
Q

What is considered the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node in the upper part of the right atrium

22
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

Disorder in which calcium and a fatty material called cholesterol build up and form a plaque inside the walls of blood vessels, obstructing flow and interfering with their ability to dilate or contract.

23
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A

describes the hardening of the arteries and can reduce perfusion of the tissues.

24
Q

What is a thromboembolism

A

is a blood clot that floats through blood vessels until it reaches an area too narrow for it to pass, causing it to stop and block the blood flow at that point.

25
Q

What interventions should be considered for patients with ischemic-type chest discomfort?

A
  • If oxygen saturation is below 90%, start oxygen at 4 L/min and titrate
  • Give aspirin 162 to 325 mg
  • Administer nitroglycerin
26
Q

What are common erectile dysfunction medications?

A

Viagra/sildenafil

Cialis/tadalafil

Levitra/vardenafil

27
Q

How long do you spend checking a patient’s pulse

A

10 seconds

28
Q

What are the side effects of epinephrine from an autoinjector device

A

Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic hormone and activates the body the same as the fight and flight response

Its side effects are tachycardia, diaphoresis (sweating), palpitations

29
Q

What is preload and afterload?

A

Preload is the pressure in the heart as it prepares to receive blood. As the preload increases the ventricles stretch and increase in size

Afterload is the resistance against which the heart pumps

30
Q

Contractility

A

Strength of the heart to pump blood to the body

31
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

32
Q

What is hypovolemic shock? Causes?

A

Type of shock in which the body loses fluid volume

Caused by losing 20% or more of its volume

Can be hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic

33
Q

Hemorrhagic shock

A

Type of hypovolemic shock in which severe blood loss leads to inadequate oxygen delivery at the cellular level.

34
Q

What is a Silent AMI? What occurs?

A

A type of AMI that women, elderly, and patients can diabeties have atypical symptoms when having it.

Signs and symptoms
No pain at all
Diaphoretic and pale

35
Q

What is angina pectoris? Describe stable and unstable angina pectoris

A

Angina pectoris is caused by a brief moment of lack of oxygen to the heart’s tissues.

Stable angina pectoris is pain that occurs in response to exertion that increases cardiac oxygen demand and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.

Unstable angina is pain occurring with an absence of exertion that increases cardiac oxygen demand. It is also relieved with rest or nitroglycerin.

36
Q

What is an acute myocardial infarction? What are common symptoms associated with an AMI

A

An AMI is a blockage in the heart’s coronary arteries

Chest pressure, nausea, dyspnea, diaphoresis, chest pain, radiation of pain, left arm pain, jaw pain

37
Q

What is commotio cordis

A

Sudden cardiac arrest caused by blunt trauma in the chest?

Possible causing are getting hit with baseball bat, getting kicked or punched in the chest

38
Q

Where are each of these valves located in the heart?

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonic valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve

A

Tricuspid valve: Located in between right atrium and right ventricle

Pulmonic valve: Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Mitral valve: Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Aortic valve: Located between the left ventricle and aorta

39
Q

What are the target SpO2 levels of ACS, a stroke and post-cardiac-arrest care

A

ACS: 90%
stroke: 95% to 98%
post–cardiac-arrest care: 92% to 98%

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