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Paediatrics > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cause of atrial septal defect?

A

When foramen ovale doesn’t close

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2
Q

What is the pathology of ASD?

A

Blood moves from the left to right atrium since pressure is higher on the left

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3
Q

What are the signs of an ASD?

A

Mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur
Best heard on the upper left sternal border
Fixed split of the second heat sound

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4
Q

How is ASD investigated?

A

ECHO

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5
Q

How is ASD treated?

A

Small - watch and wait

Big - transvenous catheter closure

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6
Q

What are the complications of ASD?

A 
Stroke
AF
Pulmonary hypertension
Right sided heart failure
Eisenmenger syndrome
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7
Q

What are the associations with ASD?

A

Down syndrome

Turner syndrome

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8
Q

What is the cause of ventricular septal defects?

A

The ventricular septum doesn’t form properly

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9
Q

What is the pathology of VSD?

A

Blood flows from the left to the right

Right sided overload, right sided heart failure, pulmonary hypertension

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10
Q

What are the signs of VSD?

A

Pan-systolic murmur
Best heard over the lower left sternal border in the 3rd/4th intercostal space
Systolic thrill

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11
Q

How is VSD investigated?

A

ECHO

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12
Q

What is associated with VSD?

A

Down syndrome

Turner syndrome

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13
Q

What is the pathology of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

It doesn’t close

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14
Q

What are the signs of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Small may be symptomatic
Normal first heart sound with a continuous crescendo-decrescendo ‘machinery’ murmur that makes the second heart sound difficult to hear

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15
Q

What investigation would be done if patent ductus arteriosus was suspected?

A

ECHO

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16
Q

How is patent ductus arteriosus treated?

A

Normally close on their own

17
Q

What are the 4 co-existing pathologies in tetralogy of fallot?

A

Ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy

18
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot associated with?

A

DiGeorge syndrome

19
Q

What are the risk factors for tetralogy of fallot?

A

Rubella
Increased age of the mother
Alcohol consumption
Diabetic mother

20
Q

What is the pathology of tetralogy of fallot?

A

Blood flowing between ventricles
Aortic valve placed further to the right (closer to VSD) so deoxygenated blood goes to the body
Pulmonary valve stenosis pushed more deoxygenated blood through the VSD and therefore to the body

21
Q

What are the signs of tetralogy of fallot?

A

Ejection systolic murmur (pulmonary stenosis)
Heard loudest at the pulmonary area
Cyanosis

22
Q

How is tetralogy of fallot treated?

A

Total surgical repair by open heart surgery

23
Q

What is the pathology of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Narrowing of the aortic arch

24
Q

What are the signs of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Weak femoral pulses

systolic murmur - heard below the left clavicle (left infraclavicular)

25
Q

What investigation would be done if coarctation of the aorta was suspected?

A

4 limb BP - high blood pressure in the limbs before the narrowing, low in the rest
ECHO

26
Q

How is coarctation of the aorta treated?

A

Depends on severity

Leave it or surgery

27
Q

What is associated with coarctation of the aorta?

A

Turner syndrome

28
Q

What is the pathology of transposition of the great vessels?

A

Right ventricle pumps blood into the aorta

Left ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary vessels

29
Q

What are the signs of transposition of the great vessels?

A

Life threatening after birth as no connection between systemic and pulmonary circulation
Cyanosed

30
Q

How is transposition of the great vessels treated?

A

Need to form a shunt to wait for surgery
If VSD this is a shunt
If not, give prostaglandins to maintain ductus arteriosus

31
Q

What are the 8 common lesions?

A 
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Atrial septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis
Aortic stenosis
Coarctation of the aorta
Transposition of the great arteries
Tetralogy of fallot
32
Q

What are the causes of congenital heart disease?

A

Genetic susceptibility
Environmental hazard
Teratogenic insult - 18-60 days post contraception
Environmental factors - drugs, infections, maternal (DM, SLE)

33
Q

What are the features of innocent murmurs?

A 
S's:
Short
Soft
Systolic
Symptomless

Paediatrics (17 decks)

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